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Understanding Subject Headings

in Library Catalogs by

Karen M. Drabenstott

with the research assistance of

Schelle Simcox and Eileen G. Fenton

School of Information

The University of Michigan

304 West Hall

550 East University Avenue

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1092 USA

April 1998

Copyright @ 1998 by Karen M. Drabenstott

Table of Contents

THE MICHIGAN PROJECT TEAM.......................................................................................................V

LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................VI

LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................................VIII

OBTAINING COPIES OF THIS REPORT.............................................................................................XI

ABOUT THE AUTHORS..................................................................................................................XIII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................XV

1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS......................................................................1

1.1 Project Overview.........................................................................................................1

1.2 Subject Headings in Library Catalogs..........................................................................3

1.3 A Pilot Test of End-User Understanding......................................................................6

1.4 Research Questions and Methods................................................................................8

2 RESEARCH METHODS..................................................................................................................11

2.1 Recruiting Participating Libraries..............................................................................11

2.2 Selecting Subdivided Subject Headings.....................................................................14

2.3 Formulating Questionnaires.......................................................................................16

2.4 Recruiting Children and Adults..................................................................................17

2.5 Recruiting Reference and Technical Services Librarians...........................................20

2.6 Determining the Meaning of Subdivided Subject Headings......................................22

2.7 Coding Completed Questionnaires.............................................................................25

2.8 Summary.....................................................................................................................35

3 PARTICIPANTS AND EXPERT-SUPPLIED MEANINGS IN THE STUDY.............................................37

3.1 Data Collection Goals................................................................................................37

3.2 Characteristics of Participating Patrons....................................................................37

3.3 Characteristics of Participating Librarians.................................................................42

3.4 Characteristics of Expert-supplied Meanings.............................................................43

3.5 Summary.....................................................................................................................48

4 DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF THE MEANINGS RESPONDENTS ASSIGN TO

SUBJECT HEADINGS.........................................................................................................50

4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................50

4.2 A Descriptive Analysis of Correct and Incorrect Meanings........................................51

4.3 A Statistical Analysis of Correct Meanings................................................................57

4.4 A Descriptive Analysis of Certainty Scores.................................................................63

4.5 A Statistical Analysis of Certainty Scores...................................................................69

4.6 Summary.....................................................................................................................76

5 A FAILURE ANALYSIS OF SUBJECT HEADING MEANINGS...........................................................80

5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................80

5.2 Codes for Correct Meanings......................................................................................81

5.3 Codes for Incorrect Meanings....................................................................................88

5.4 Correct Meanings for Subject Headings in the Study................................................97

5.5 Incorrect Meanings for Subject Headings in the Study...........................................115

5.6 Meaning Changes and Correct Meanings................................................................153

6 MAJOR PROJECT FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................156

6.1 Background..............................................................................................................156

6.2 Objectives and Research Questions.........................................................................157

6.3 Methods Overview...................................................................................................157

6.4 Study Participants....................................................................................................160

6.5 Characteristics of Expert-supplied Meanings...........................................................160

6.6 Results of Descriptive and Statistical Analyses on Meanings..................................161

6.7 Results of Descriptive and Statistical Analyses on Certainty Scores........................164

6.8 Results of the Failure Analysis of Patrons" and Librarians" Meanings......................165

6.9 The Effects of Meaning Changes.............................................................................170

6.10 Conclusions............................................................................................................171

A. Questionnaire Version 2aa........................................................................................179

B. Questionnaire Version 2ab........................................................................................183

C. Questionnaire Version 2ba........................................................................................187

D. Questionnaire Version 2bb.......................................................................................193

E. Questionnaire Version 2ap........................................................................................199

F. Questionnaire Version 2bp........................................................................................205

G. Cover Letter to Professional Library Staff.................................................................211

H. World-Wide Web Page Describing the Study............................................................212

I. Announcement Sent to Listservs to Recruit Librarians................................................217

J. Different Meanings for Different Orders and Contexts.............................................219

K. Multiple Meanings for Different Orders and Contexts.............................................224

Understanding Subject HeadingsThe Michgan Project Team v

The Michigan Project Team

Bonnie A. Dede, project consultant

Karen M. Drabenstott, co-principal investigator

Eileen G. Fenton, research assistant

Susan A. Gelman, project consultant

Melanie Leavitt, research assistant

Alaina Scopp, research assistant

Schelle Simcox, research assistant

Amy J. Warner, co-principal investigator and project consultant

Marie Williams, research assistant

Understanding Subject HeadingsList of Tables vi

List of Tables

1.1 Project Schedule...............................................................................................................................9

2.1 Selected Subdivided Subject Headings...........................................................................15

3.1 Library Patrons" Gender...........................................................................................................38

3.2 Adults" Ages....................................................................................................................................38

3.3 Children"s Ages.............................................................................................................................39

3.4 Amount of Education Reported by Adults...................................................................39

3.5 Amount of Education Reported by Children..............................................................40

3.6 Library Patrons" Professions...................................................................................................40

3.7 Frequency of Library Use........................................................................................................41

3.8 Gender of Participating Librarians.....................................................................................43

3.9 Ages of Participating Librarians...........................................................................................43

3.10Subject Headings and Meanings (no meaning change)..........................................44

3.11Subject Headings and Meanings (meaning change for the two

different orders of subdivisions)..........................................................................................45

3.12Different Meanings for Orders and Contexts (subject heading #5)...............45

3.13Multiple Meanings for Orders and Contexts (subject heading #3).................46

4.1 Results of a 4-way ANOVA for Correct Meanings (children

vs. adults)..........................................................................................................................................58

4.2 Results of a 4-way ANOVA for Correct Meanings (reference

vs. technical services librarians)..............................................................................................60

4.3 Results of a 4-way ANOVA for Certainty (main effects for

children vs. adults).......................................................................................................................70

4.4 Results of a 4-way ANOVA for Certainty (significant interactions

for children vs. adults)...............................................................................................................72

4.5 Results of a 4-way ANOVA for Certainty (main effects for

reference vs. tech. servs. librarians)......................................................................................73

4.6 Results of a 4-way ANOVA for Certainty (significant interaction

for reference vs. tech. servs. librarians)..............................................................................75

5.1 Codes for Correct Meanings for Subject Headings 1-8........................................83

5.2 Codes for Correct Meanings for Subject Headings 9-16.....................................85

5.3 Codes for Correct Meanings for Subject Headings 17-24..................................87

5.4 Codes for Incorrect Meanings for Subject Headings 1-8.....................................90

5.5 Codes for Incorrect Meanings for Subject Headings 9-16..................................93

5.6 Codes for Incorrect Meanings for Subject Headings 17-24................................95

5.7 CDL Meanings-1.....................................................................................................................100

5.8 CDS Meanings-1......................................................................................................................103

5.9 CDL Meanings-2.....................................................................................................................105

Understanding Subject HeadingsList of Tables vii

5.10CDL Meanings-3.....................................................................................................................108

5.11CDS Meanings-2......................................................................................................................111

5.12IDS Meanings-1........................................................................................................................118

5.13LOI and LMO Meanings.....................................................................................................120

5.14IDS Meanings-2........................................................................................................................122

5.15IDS Meanings-3........................................................................................................................123

5.16Read-in Meanings.....................................................................................................................124

5.17 LOI Meanings.............................................................................................................................127

5.18LMO Meanings-1....................................................................................................................129

5.19LMO Meanings-2....................................................................................................................132

5.20Subject Headings and Blank Responses........................................................................147

Understanding Subject HeadingsList of Figures viii

List of Figures

2.1 Explanatory note for parents..................................................................................................19

4.1 Correct and incorrect meanings across the three subject

heading sets......................................................................................................................................51

4.2 Correct and incorrect meanings for each of the three

subject heading sets.....................................................................................................................52

4.3 Correct meanings for subject headings 1-8...................................................................53

4.4 Correct meanings for subject headings 9-16................................................................54

4.5 Correct meanings for subject headings 17-24.............................................................55

4.6 Interaction effect for subdivision order and subject heading set........................62

4.7 Children"s certainty scores......................................................................................................64

4.8 Adults" certainty scores.............................................................................................................65

4.9 Reference librarians" certainty scores.................................................................................66

4.10Technical services librarians" certainty scores................................................................68

5.1 Codes for correct meanings for subject headings 1-8.............................................82

5.2 Codes for correct meanings for subject headings 9-16..........................................84

5.3 Codes for correct meanings for subject headings 17-24........................................86

5.4 Codes for incorrect meanings for subject headings 1-8.........................................89

5.5 Codes for incorrect meanings for subject headings 9-16......................................91

5.6 Codes for incorrect meanings for subject headings 17-24....................................94

5.7 Response pattern (many C and fewer CDL meanings)..........................................99

5.8 Response pattern (many CDL and fewer C meanings).......................................102

5.9 Response pattern (many C and fewer CDL meanings).......................................104

5.10Response pattern (many CDL and fewer CDS meanings)...............................107

5.11Response pattern (many CDS and fewer CDL meanings)...............................110

5.12Response pattern (many meanings for two or more correct codes)..............112

5.13Response pattern (many IDS meanings and fewer LOI meanings)..............117

5.14 Response pattern (many IDS meanings and fewer read-in meanings)........121

5.15Response pattern (many LOI meanings)......................................................................126

5.16Response pattern (many LOI and LMO meanings)..............................................128

5.17Response pattern (many LMO and LOI meanings, many

IDS meanings)............................................................................................................................131

5.18Response pattern (many LOI and RIC meanings).................................................134

5.19Response pattern (many combination meanings)....................................................137

5.20Response pattern (many Blanks).......................................................................................148

5.21Correct meanings for subject headings that changed and did not

change meaning (adults and children)...........................................................................154

5.22Correct meanings for subject headings that changed and did not

change meaning (librarians).................................................................................................155

Understanding Subject HeadingsAcknowledgments ix

Acknowledgments

In this report, we describe a study of understanding subject headings in library catalogs. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc., provided support for the study through its Library and Information Science Research Grant Program. Dr. Diane Vizine-Goetz served as the OCLC Project Monitor. We are especially grateful to Gloria Coles, Director, Flint Public Library, Barbara Wallace, Director, Bacon Memorial District Library, and Michael Deller, Director, Livonia Public Library, who welcomed the Michigan project team to their libraries where team members recruited children and adults and asked them to assign meanings to subject headings. This large-scale study of understanding subject headings was only possible because library directors and staff made us feel comfortable in their libraries and encouraged their patrons to participate in the study. Recruiting over 250 reference and technical services librarians to formulate meanings for the subject headings in this study was a mammoth task. Several colleagues helped the Michigan project team by distributing questionnaires to professional staff in their libraries: Carol A. Mandel at Columbia University, Jennifer Younger at Ohio State University, Karen L. Horny at Southwestern Missouri State University, Bonnie A. Dede at the University of Michigan, Barbara J. Kriigel at the University of Michigan- Dearborn, Agnes Grady at the University of Tennessee, and Martha Conway at Yale University. Librarians also responded to our call for participation in this study through messages posted on several listservs. So many members of the AUTOCAT and CRISTAL-ED listservs volunteered. We thank the many reference and technical services librarians throughout North America who took part in the study. The Michigan project team provided the principal author with invaluable assistance

Understanding Subject HeadingsAcknowledgments x

throughout the project. Project consultant Susan A. Gelman, Professor, University of Michigan"s Psychology Department, designed the experiment. Project consultant Bonnie A. Dede was the subject cataloging expert who supplied meanings to the 24 subject headings in the study. Project consultant and co-principal investigator Amy J. Warner assisted in the experimental design, questionnaire design and construction, and interpretation of results. Research assistant Schelle Simcox formulated six versions of questionnaires per subject heading set, distributed questionnaires to children and adults at the three Michigan libraries, secured the participation of volunteer librarians, and coded completed questionnaires. She also organized the eighteen versions of questionnaires, kept track of completed questionnaires, and recruited additional respondents to meet project goals. She shared data collection duties with Alaina Scopp who also distributed questionnaires to adults and children at participating libraries and coded completed questionnaires. Eileen Fenton assumed Schelle"s duties when she joined the staff of the Internet Public Library. Eileen completed the data collection, refined the coding scheme, organized and coded completed questionnaires, and conducted the expert and inter-coder reliability studies. Despite relocating in Syracuse, New York, and beginning a business of her own, Marie Williams submitted coded data to SPSS statistical analyses and sent results to Ann Arbor via electronicquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20