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BD

Chapter 4:Solutions111

VOCABULARY

solution p. 111 solute p. 112 solvent p. 112 suspension p. 113

BEFORE, you learned

• Ionic or covalent bonds hold a compound together • Chemical reactions produce chemical changes • Chemical reactions alter the arrangements of atoms

NOW, you will learn

• How a solution differs from other types of mixtures • About the parts of a solution • How properties of solutions differ from properties of their separate components

KEY CONCEPTA solution is a type of mixture.

EXPLORE Mixtures

Which substances dissolve in water?

PROCEDURE

Pour equal amounts of water into each cup.

Pour one spoonful of table salt into one

of the cups. Stir.

Pour one spoonful of flour into the other

cup. Stir.

Record your observations.

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

• Did the salt dissolve? Did the flour dissolve? • How can you tell? 4 3 2 1

MATERIALS

• tap water • 2 clear plastic cups • plastic spoon • table salt • flour

The parts of a solution are mixed evenly.

A mixture is a combination of substances, such as a fruit salad. The ingredients of any mixture can be physically separated from each other because they are not chemically changed-they are still the same substances. Sometimes, however, a mixture is so completely blended that its ingredients cannot be identified as different substances. A is a type of mixture, called a homogeneous mixture,that is the same throughout.A solution can be physically separated, but all portions of a solution have the same properties. If you stir sand into a glass of water, you can identify the sand as a separate substance that falls to the bottom of the glass. Sand in water is a mixture that is not a solution. If you stir sugar into a glass of water, you cannot identify the sugar as a separate substance. Sugar in water is a common solution, as are examples such as seawater,gasoline, and the liquid part of your blood. solution

VOCABULARY

Remember to use the

strategy of your choice.

You might use a four square

diagram for solution. reading tip

The words soluteand solvent

are both related to the Latin word solvere,which means "to loosen."

Solutes and Solvents

Like other mixtures, a solution has definite components. A (SAHL-yoot) is a substance that is dissolved to make a solution. When a solute dissolves, it separates into individual particles.A is a substance that dissolves a solute. Because a solute dissolves into individual particles in a solvent, it is not possible to identify the solute and solvent as different substances when they form a solution. In a solution of table salt and water, the salt is the solute and the water is the solvent. In the cells of your body, substances such as calcium ions and sugar are solutes, and water is the solvent. Water is the most common and important solvent, but other substances can also be solvents. For example, if you have ever used an oil-based paint you know that water will not clean the paintbrushes. Instead, a solvent like turpentine must be used. Check Your ReadingWhat is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

Types of Solutions

Many solutions are made of solids dissolved in liquids.However,solutes, solvents, and solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. For example, oxygen, a gas, is dissolved in seawater. The bubbles in carbonated drinks come from the release of carbon dioxide gas that was dissolved in the drink. In some solutions, both the solute and the solvent are in the same physical state.Vinegar, for example, is a solution of acetic acid in water.In a solution of different liquids,it may be difficult to say which substance is the solute and which is the solvent. In general, the substance present in the greater amount is the solvent. Since there is more water than acetic acid in vinegar, water is the solvent and acetic acid is the solute. Although you may usually think of a solution as a liquid, solid solutions also exist. For example, bronze is a solid solution in which tin is the solute and copper is the solvent. Solid solutions are not formed as solids. Instead, the solvent metal is heated until it melts and becomes a liquid. Then the solute is added, and the substances are thoroughly mixed together. When the mixture cools, it is a solid solution. Solutions made of combinations of gases are also common. The air you breathe is a solution. Because nitrogen makes up the largest portion of air, it is the solvent. Other gases present, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, are solutes. When substances in a solution are in the same physical state, which is the solvent? solvent solute

112Unit:Chemical Interactions

Liquid Solution

Water often

contains many dissolved substances.

Solid Solution

Bronze consists

of tin dissolved in copper.

Gas Solution

Air is oxygen

and other gases dissolved in nitrogen. BD

BDChapter 4:Solutions113

How can you separate the parts of a solution?

PROCEDURE

Draw a solid black circular region 6 cm in diameter around the point of the filter. Place the filter, point up, over the top of the bottle. Squeeze several drops of water onto the point of the filter. Observe the filter once every minute for 10 minutes.

Record your observations.

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

• What happened to the ink on the filter? • Identify, in general, the solutes and the solution in this investigation.

CHALLENGERelate your observations of the ink and

water on the coffee filter to the properties of solutions. 4 3 2 1

SolutionsSolutions

Suspensions

When you add flour to water, the mixture turns cloudy, and you cannot see through it. This mixture is not a solution but a suspension. In a the particles are larger than those found in a solution. Instead of dissolving, these larger particles turn the liquid cloudy. Sometimes you can separate the components of a suspension by filtering the mixture. suspension,

SKILL FOCUS

Observing

MATERIALS

• black marker • coffee filter • plastic bottle • eyedropper • tap water TIME

15 minutes

SolutionDissolved particles cannot

be identified as a substance different from the solvent.

SuspensionParticles that do not

dissolve make a suspension look cloudy. suspended particle

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i s s o l v e d p a r t i c l e solvent solvent BD

Solvent and solute particles interact.

The parts of a solution-that is, the solute and the solvent-can be physically separated because they are not changed into new substances. However, individual particles of solute and solvent do interact.When a solid dissolves in a liquid, the particles of the solute are surrounded by particles of the liquid. The solute particles become evenly distributed through the solvent. The way in which a solid compound dissolves in a liquid depends on the type of bonds in the compound. Ionic compounds such as table salt (NaCl) split apart into individual ions. When table salt dissolves in water,the sodium and chloride ions separate,and each ion is surrounded by water molecules. When a covalent compound such as table sugar (C

12H22O11) dissolves, each molecule stays together and is surrounded

by solvent molecules. The general processes that take place when ionic compounds dissolve and when covalent compounds dissolve are shown below.

114Unit:Chemical Interactions

How Solutes Dissolve

What difference between the two illustrations tells you whether a compound is ionic or covalent? Ionic Compound Dissolved in SolventCovalent Compound Dissolved in Solvent Ionic compounds separate into ions. Covalent compounds separate into individual molecules. added to solventadded to solvent ionic compound covalent compound reminder

In temperature measure-

ments, Cstands for "Celsius" and Fstands for "Fahrenheit."

Properties of solvents change in solutions.

In every solution-solid, liquid, and gas-solutes change the physical properties of a solvent. Therefore, a solution"s physical properties differ from the physical properties of the pure solvent. The amount of solute in the solution determines how much the physical properties of thequotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_7