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Vol.

63: 303-304, 1990

MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Published May

29
NOTE

Laboratory-induced spawning of the gastropod

Gibbula cineraria

as an indicator of field spawning A. S.

Clare'

NERC

Rocky Shore Surveillance Group, Department of Zoology and Dove Marine Laboratory, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne,

NE1 7RU.

United

Kingdom ABSTRACT The trocld gastropod Gibbula cinerana spawns in response to a rlse in sea water temperature A simple laboratory bioassay a warm water shmulus can therefore be employed to determ~ne the competence of adult sna~ls to spawn at any given tlme dur~ng the year The bioassay has been used over 1 yr, at approximately monthly intervals to estabhsh the spawning season of a population of G clnerarla in NE England The main spawning season was indicated between late June and early September Spawning could also be induced in females in winter Results are discussed in relation to previous, contrasting, reports regarding the spawn- ing season of G cinerarla

Gibbula cjneraria

(L.) is gonochoristic and spawns directly to the sea where fertilisation occurs. Reports of the spawning season of

G. cineraria

present a confus- ing picture of events (see Underwood 1972 for a review). For example, Fretter

Graham (1962) con-

sider that G. cineraria spawns throughout the year at Plymouth (SW England), while in Scotland (Elmhirst

1922) and North Wales (Thompson cited in Underwood

1972), spawning reportedly occurs in spring.

To clarify this situation, a laboratory study was per- formed using a simple and rapid bioassay (Clare 1987).

The assay employs a 'warm water stimulus' and is

based upon Underwood's (1972) observation that Gib- bula cineraria spawns when the sea water temperature rises above 12°C. The assay involves transferring 30 specimens, which have been maintained below 12"C, to individual bowls containing 100 m1 of sea water (also below 12°C) and allowing them to equilibrate to room temperature (ca 20°C). The bowls are examined after

24 h for spawned gametes and all snails are dissected

to determine the condition of the gonad. The gonads are scored in 3 categories based on a visual examina- tion. These categones are: (1) spent, i.e. the digestive Present address: Duke University Marlne Laboratory,

Pivers Island, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516,

USA gland is clearly visible through the gonad; (2) partly spent, i.e. patches of digestive gland are visible, and (3) gravid, i.e, the gonad is either entirely green in females or cream/white in males. This method allows the gonad condition to be rapidly evaluated.

The specimens

used in this study were collected at low water from the intertidal zone at Cullercoats, NE England, throughout 1986 and during the early months of 1987. Fig. 1 shows the results of bioassays performed on the day of collection. Fenlale snails had 2 potential spawning periods; one during the summer and the other during late winter. Male snails, however, spawned in response to a temperature rise in summer, but not during late winter. 100 C! FUAYJ

JASONDJFM

1986 1987

Fig 1 Gibbula cinerana Percentage spawning, lnduced by the warm water stimulus, over a 1 yr period Gonad condition of dissected specimens is expressed as percentage gravid

Female spawning. (A-A)

male spawning, (m) ovary, (b) teshs These results suggest that successful spawning (i.e. resulting in fertilisation) occurs during summer (June to September) at Cullercoats when the sea water temper- ature is above 12 "C. This suggestion is borne out by the detailed study of Garwood (unpubl.) using the methodology of Garwood

Kendall (1985) and the

Inter-Research/Pnnted in F

R

Germany 017

1 -8630/90/0063/0303/$ 03 00

304 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser obsemation that recruitment of spat occurs during Sep-

tember at Cullercoats (Garwood pers. comm.). Spawn- ing by females may also be envisaged during the cooler months at Cullercoats, in particular on warm sunny days when the temperature of shallow water (e.g, in rock pools) may rise sufficiently to induce spawning. Certainly, a large proportion of the females are gravid at this time (Fig. 1).

The data presented here, however,

suggest that synchronous spawning by males is unlikely and, in consequence, spawned oocytes would not be fertilised. Even if fertilisation were to occur, it is doubtful that conditions suitable for complete larval development and subsequent settlement would prevail outside summer at Cullercoats. Indeed, there is no settlement of spat during the winter (Garwood Ken- dall pers. comm.). Such condtions may be met toward the more southern limit of this species.

In summary, although female

Gibbula cineraria

are able to spawn during summer and winter, it is probably only during the summer spawning period that viable progeny result in northeast England. The presence of a putative spawning hormone in the cerebral ganglia of G. cineraria throughout the year (Clare 1987) presum- ably permits such 'out of season' spawning. In contrast, the related trochid

Gibbula umbilicalis

has a short spawning season (August) in southwest Scotland and the putative spawning hormone of this species is only detectable during this period (Clare 1986). Whether the warm water stimulus directly triggers the release of spawning hormone is unknown. The link between temperature and hormone release, however, is tenuous in males, since spawning can be induced in winter with extracts of cerebral ganglia, but not by the warm water stimulus (Clare

1987).

Bearing in mind the potential to spawn during most of the year, it is understandable that there are conflict-

This note was submitted to the editor

ing reports regarding the spawning season of

Gibbula

cinerana.

Since it is well known that many other

marine invertebrates spawn in response to temperature (Orton 1920, Kinne 1963, Undenvood 1979), the warm water stimulus, or similar bioassay, may be useful in elucidating the spawning season(s) of some of these animals.

Acknowledgements. The author is grateful to Dr

P.

R. Gar-

wood and Mr M.

A. Kendall for useful discussions and to Drs

D. Rittschof and D.

J.

Gerhart for critically reading the manu-

script. This work was supported by the Natural Environment

Research Council,

UK.

LITERATURE CITED

Clare,

A. S. (1986).

Induction

of egg spawning in Gibbula umb~licalis (da Costa) by an homogenate of the cerebral ganglia. Gen. comp. Endocr. 64: 85-90

Clare,

A. S. (1987). Studies on the putat~ve egg spawning neurohormones of Gibbula umbilicalis (Da Costa) and G. cineraria (L.). Gen. comp. Endocr. 66: 4849

Elmhirst,

R. (1922). Notes on the breeding and growth of marine animals in the Clyde Sea area. Rep. Scott. mar biol. Ass. 1922, 19-43

Fretter,

V.,

Graham, A. (1962). British prosobranch molluscs.

Ray Society, London

Garwood,

P. R.,

Kendall,

M. A. (1985). The reproductive cycles of Monodonta lineata and Gibbula umbilicalis on the coast of mid-Wales. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 65:

993-1008

Kinne,

0. (1963) The effect of temperature and sallnity in marine and braclush water animals. I. Temperature.

Oceanogr. mar. Biol.

A.

Rev. 1: 301-340

Orton,

J H. (1920). Sea-temperature, breedlng and dlstribu- tion in marine animals. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. 12: 339-366

Undenvood, A.

J. (1972). Spawning, larval development and settlement behaviour of Gibbula cineraria (L.) (Gas- tropoda: Prosobranchia) with a reappraisal of torsion In gastropods. Mar Biol. l?:

341-349

Underwood, A.

J. (1979). The ecology of intertidal gastropods.

Adv mar. B101

16:

111-210

lManuscript first received: August 9, 1989

Revised version accepted: !March

7, 1990
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