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fondation des centrales nucléaires french nuclear power plants foundation
J.L. COSTAZ, M. HAGHGOU
E.D.F., S.E.P.T.E.N. *
Résumé
Après une description rapide des études menées par E.D.F. pour le choix des sites et les caractéristiques géotechniques des sols, les problèmes d'interaction sol-structures dans le domaine statique sont exposés dans leur généralité et à l'aide d'exemples précis.
Enfin, les études de développement liées au retour d'expérience donnent des orientations pour l'avenir.
Abstract
After a rapid description of the studies made by E.D.F. for the choice of the nuclear sites and for determining the geotechnic data, the soil-structure interaction problems for static loadings are presented in a general way and accompanied by local examples.
Finally, development works related to the feedback experience provide an approach for the future.
• Électricité de France, Service études et projets thermiques et nucléaires.12-14, avenue Dutriévoz, 69628 Villeurbanne Cedex.
8 N° 41 REVUE FRANÇAISE DE GÉOTECHNIQUE1. INTRODUCTION
En 1973, la France a décidé de lancer un programmed'équipement électronucléaire de grande ampleur devant permettre dix ans plus tard la fin de l'utilisation du pétrole pour la production d'électricité.
Ce programme a fait l'objet de deux paliers techniques caractérisés par la puissance électrique des unités :
34 tranches de 900 MWe et 20 tranches de 1 300 MWe ont été implantées sur une vingtaine de sites (figure 1). Comme ces sites sont répartis sur l'ensemble du territoire à l'exception des zones montagneuses, leur géologie fournit des conditions de fondations très différentes allant de vases de la Gironde (Blayais) au granite du Cotentin (Flamanville) en passant par les couches alluvionnaires des principaux fleuves français.Les études concernant les fondations des centrales nucléaires ont fortement enrichi l'expérience d'E.D.F. et de ses ingénieurs-conseils : MECASOL, SIMECSOL. COYNE et BELLIER.
En effet, le fait de disposer d'ouvrages identiques sur des sols différents est une source d'information unique que nous continuons à exploiter pendant de nombreuses années après la construction par le suivi des tassements dans le temps.
Fig. 1. - Les centrales nucléaires de la France.Fig. 1. - Location of french nuclear power plants2. DIVERS BATIMENTS D'UNE CENTRALE NUCLÉAIRE A EAU SOUS PRESSION
2.1. Description sommaire
Une centrale nucléaire comprend plusieurs bâtiments indépendants, les divers radiers n'étant liés entre eux que dans des cas très particuliers.
C'est la solution la plus économique mais elle peut conduire à des tassements différentiels entre bâtiments qui doivent être pris en compte.
Le bâtiment le plus lourd est le bâtiment du réacteur de forme cylindrique. La charge au sol est en moyenne de 0,5 MPa. Il est entouré de bâtiments de forme parallélépipédique dont la charge au sol est d'environ 0.25 MPa. On distingue :
- le bâtiment du combustible (BK) ; - le bâtiment des auxiliaires nucléaires (BAN) ; - le bâtiment électrique et des auxiliaires de sauvegarde (BAS - BL) ; - le bâtiment de liaison.Enfin, la salle des machines est constituée de poutres et de poteaux fondés généralement sur semelles (SdM).
La figure 2a montre une vue générale de l'îlot nucléaire pour le palier 1 300 (P'4) et la figure 2b une coupe passant par les bâtiments BK et BAS - BL.
La figure G1 (annexe 3) donne le plan de masse d'une centrale de 900 MWe à 2 tranches jumelées.
2.2. Bâtiment du réacteur
Le bâtiment du réacteur est fondé sur radier et comporte une enceinte en béton précontraint capable d'assurer le confinement des produits radioactifs libérés et la protection vis-à-vis du rayonnement émis par ces produits en cas d'incident et tout particulièrement en cas d'accident de perte de réfrigérant primaire. Elle assure également la protection contre les agressions externes.
Cette enceinte est appelée " enceinte de confinement ». Elle peut être constituée :- soit par une enceinte simple en béton précontraint munie intérieurement d'une peau métallique d'étanchéité (tranches REP 900 MWe) ;
- soit par une enceinte à double paroi : enceinte interne en béton précontraint sans peau métallique d'étanchéité et enceinte externe en béton armé, ces parois étant séparées par un espace entre enceintes permettant la récupération et la filtration des fuites en provenance de l'enceinte interne (tranches REP 1 300 MWe).
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Fig. 4. - a) Exemple de modèle de calcul du bâtiment réacteur sur " bac de sol », b) Représentation du sol par des ressorts de raideur variable.Fig. 4. - a) Global finite elements representation of soil-structure, b) Method of substructure with variable spring rigidity.
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