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[PDF] PDF Reference, Third Edition - Adobe
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PDF Reference second edition Adobe Portable Document Format Version 1 3 Adobe Systems Incorporated ADDISON–WESLEY Boston • San Francisco
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PDF Reference
third editionAdobe Portable Document Format
Version 1.4
Adobe Systems Incorporated
ADDISON-WESLEY
Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealLondon Munich Paris Madrid
Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data PDF reference : Adobe portable document format version 1.4 / Adobe SystemsIncorporated. - 3rd ed.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-75839-3 (alk. paper)
1. Adobe Acrobat. 2. Portable document software. I. Adobe Systems.
QA76.76.T49 P38 2001
005.72-dc21
2001053899
© 1985-2001 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved. NOTICE: All information contained herein is the property of Adobe Systems Incorporated. No part of this publication (whether in hardcopy or electronic form) may be reproduced or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, without the prior written consent of the publisher. Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Acrobat logo, Acrobat Capture, Acrobat Reader, Adobe Garamond, Aldus, Distiller, ePaper, Extreme, FrameMaker, Illustrator, InDesign, Minion, Myriad, PageMaker, Photoshop, Poetica, PostScript, and XMP are either registered trademarks or trade- marks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Apple, Mac, Mac OS, Macintosh, QuickDraw, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. KanjiTalk is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. JavaScript is a registered trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. QuarkXPress is a trademark of Quark, Inc. and/or certain of the Quark Affiliated Companies, Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. and in many other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark and Hexachrome is a trademark of Pantone, Inc. PANOSE is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company. OEB is a trade- mark of the Open eBook Forum. Helvetica and Times are registered trademarks of Linotype-Hell AG and/or its subsidiaries. Arial and Times New Roman are trademarks of The Monotype Corpo- ration registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and may be registered in certain other jurisdictions. ITC Zapf Dingbats is a registered trademark of International Typeface Corporation. Ryumin Light is a trademark of Morisawa & Co., Ltd. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.All instances of the name PostScript in the text are references to the PostScript language as defined
by Adobe Systems Incorporated unless otherwise stated. The name PostScript also is used as a product trademark for Adobe Systems" implementation of the PostScript language interpreter. Except as otherwise stated, any mention of a "PostScript output device," "PostScript printer," "PostScript software," or similar item refers to a product that contains PostScript technology cre- ated or licensed by Adobe Systems Incorporated, not to one that purports to be merely compatible. This publication and the information herein are furnished AS IS, are subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorporated. Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies, makes no warranty of any kind (express, implied, or statutory) with respect to this publication, and expressly disclaims any and all warranties of merchantability, fitness for particular purposes, and noninfringement of third-party rights.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CRS 04030201
First printing, December 2001
iiiContents
Preface
xixChapter 1: Introduction
11.1 About This Book 1
1.2 Introduction to PDF 1.4 Features 4
1.3 Related Publications 5
1.4 Intellectual Property 6
Chapter 2: Overview
92.1 Imaging Model 10
2.2 Other General Properties 14
2.3 Using PDF 19
2.4 PDF and the PostScript Language 21
Chapter 3: Syntax
233.1 Lexical Conventions 24
3.2 Objects 27
3.3 Filters 41
3.4 File Structure 61
3.5 Encryption 71
3.6 Document Structure 81
3.7 Content Streams and Resources 92
3.8 Common Data Structures 98
3.9 Functions 106
3.10 File Specifications 118
Chapter 4: Graphics
1314.1 Graphics Objects 132
4.2 Coordinate Systems 136
4.3 Graphics State 147
4.4 Path Construction and Painting 161
4.5 Color Spaces 172
4.6 Patterns 219
4.7 External Objects 261
4.8 Images 262
4.9 Form XObjects 281
4.10 PostScript XObjects 289
Contents
ivChapter 5: Text
2915.1 Organization and Use of Fonts 292
5.2 Text State Parameters and Operators 300
5.3 Text Objects 308
5.4 Introduction to Font Data Structures 314
5.5 Simple Fonts 316
5.6 Composite Fonts 334
5.7 Font Descriptors 355
5.8 Embedded Font Programs 364
5.9 ToUnicode CMaps 368
Chapter 6: Rendering
3736.1 CIE-Based Color to Device Color 374
6.2 Conversions among Device Color Spaces 376
6.3 Transfer Functions 380
6.4 Halftones 382
6.5 Scan Conversion Details 403
Chapter 7: Transparency
4097.1 Overview of Transparency 410
7.2 Basic Compositing Computations 412
7.3 Transparency Groups 425
7.4 Soft Masks 439
7.5 Specifying Transparency in PDF 441
7.6 Color Space and Rendering Issues 454
Chapter 8: Interactive Features
4718.1 Viewer Preferences 471
8.2 Document-Level Navigation 474
8.3 Page-Level Navigation 481
8.4 Annotations 488
8.5 Actions 513
8.6 Interactive Forms 528
8.7 Sounds 568
8.8 Movies 570
Chapter 9: Document Interchange
5739.1 Procedure Sets 574
9.2 Metadata 575
9.3 File Identifiers 580
9.4 Page-Piece Dictionaries 581
9.5 Marked Content 583
9.6 Logical Structure 588
9.7 Tagged PDF 612
9.8 Accessibility Support 651
9.9 Web Capture 659
9.10 Prepress Support 676
Contents
vAppendix A: Operator Summary
699Appendix B: Operators in Type 4 Functions
703B.1 Arithmetic Operators 703
B.2 Relational, Boolean, and Bitwise Operators 704B.3 Conditional Operators 704
B.4 Stack Operators 704
Appendix C: Implementation Limits
705C.1 General Implementation Limits 706
C.2 Implementation Limits Affecting Web Capture 708Appendix D: Character Sets and Encodings
709D.1 Latin Character Set and Encodings 711
D.2 Expert Set and MacExpertEncoding 715
D.3 Symbol Set and Encoding 718
D.4 ZapfDingbats Set and Encoding 721
Appendix E: PDF Name Registry
723Appendix F: Linearized PDF
725F.1 Background and Assumptions 726
F.2 Linearized PDF Document Structure 728
F.3 Hint Tables 741
F.4 Access Strategies 751
Appendix G: Example PDF Files
757G.1 Minimal PDF File 757
G.2 Simple Text String Example 760
G.3 Simple Graphics Example 762
G.4 Page Tree Example 765
G.5 Outline Tree Example 770
G.6 Updating Example 774
Appendix H: Compatibility and Implementation Notes 783H.1 PDF Version Numbers 783
H.2 Feature Compatibility 786
H.3 Implementation Notes 787
Bibliography
811Index 817
vii