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G51CSA - Computer Systems Architecture

Operating Systems (Linux)

Red Hat

Jon Masters

About the speaker

Jon Masters is a Senior Software Engineer at Red Hat History in embedded devices with Real Time requirements Professional author, including titles "Professional Linux Programming" and "Building Embedded Linux Systems" jcm@redhat.com

Agenda

A little background about the presenter Computer Systems Architecture(s) What is an Operating System? A brief introduction to Linux Where is Linux headed? Questions?

My experiences with Linux

Started with a single-floppy disk "distribution" (~13 years ago) Downloaded Slackware onto 200 floppy disks Slackware, Red Hat, SuSE, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora/RHEL Linux User Groups, Conferences, Community Ported Linux to scientific instrumentation Worked with MontaVista Wrote a book on Linux Joined Red Hat Maintainer Another book Real Time Linux, Device Drivers

Computer Systems Architecture

A modern computer system is built from many parts: CPU - 32/64-bit, big/little endian, RISC/CISC, Harvard, Von Neumann., etc.

Buses - HyperTransport, PCIe, PCI-X, etc.

Memory - Caches (I/II/III), RAM, VRAM (GART), etc. Peripherals - Hard disks (SATA, SCSI, SSD),DVD, Graphics, Sound, WiFi, etc. IO - External buses (USB), Firewire, "legacy buses" (serial), etc.

Flash memory - firmware, microcode, BIOS, etc.

Can you name more examples?

Computer Systems Architecture

Time for some handy definitions: Architecture (arch) - a family of microprocessors that can be used to build complete and compatible(!) computer systems.

Intel IA32/IA64,

ARM,

Xscale,

MIPS. Think of some examples? What was the first compatible architecture? Platform - a system built upon a particular configuration of microprocessor and certain other components "PC"

Macintosh

iPod, iPhone...

Computer Systems Architecture

Platforms - a standard base upon which to build Operating Systems Most modern platforms are heavily standardized

PowerMac vs. Intel Macintosh

iPod vs. iPhone

Sun OpenBoot and OpenFirmware

"PC" is a poor example of a standard platform Original IBM PC was very non-standard in many ways Used non-configurable, inflexible bus technology (ISA)

Lack of information provided to Operating System

Later added EISA, PCI (PCI-X, PCIe), ACPI

ACPI, OpenFirmware, Device Trees Development Boards

Computer Systems Architecture

Computer Systems Architecture

CPU R0R31

SPR0SPRn

MMUCache L1/L2/L3IRQs

NMIs

Computer Systems Architecture

char *foo = "my pet dog"; my pet dog0 1 23
0

2mypet

dogVirtual Memory

Computer Systems Architecture

CPU0CPU1

IO-APICRAMPCIe

USBWiFi(e)SATA

What is an Operating System?

Just a bunch of privileged library functions with supporting code

Bringup

Housekeeping

Applications

A resource broker that manages access to underlying hardware

Finite resources

Virtualized/abstraction

Standardized interfaces

Built for a set of platforms based on a particular architecture(s) Microsoft Windows vs. Windows CE/Mobile - IA32/X86_64, PowerPC. Linux - IA32/IA64, PowerPC, ARM, Xscale, S390, MIPS, etc.

Need for standardized platform(s)

What is an Operating System?

Reliant upon certain architectural/platform features:

Memory Map

Virtual Memory

Platform descriptor(s)

Hardware

Must perform/provide the following:

System initialization

Device Drivers

Libraries

Graphical Desktop

What is an Operating System?

Two kinds of Operating System:

Applications

HardwareCore Kernel/Modules

HardwareMicrokernelVMDriversApplications

Linux, UNIXWindows, Mac OS X

What is an Operating System?

System boot process goes roughly:

Firmware ("BIOS") handles POST

Bootloader loads Operating System

Firmware/Bootloader supply info to Operating System

Operating System manages resources

Operating System loads applications

Core of the Operating System is called a "kernel" Provides privileged functions - timers, system calls, etc.

Manages hardware devices

Schedules user applications

Highly event driven

What is an Operating System?

Monolithic vs. Microkernel "Slow" vs. "Fast"? "Stable" vs. "Unstable"?

Classical examples?

Reality!

Neither exist

Performance?

Maintainability

Linux vs. Windows vs. OS X

A brief introduction to Linux

Getting ahold of Linux - who here today uses Linux?

What does "Linux" mean to you anyway?

Fedora, OpenSuSE, Ubuntu?

Recommendations for all experience levels

Distributions

Communities

More than Linux

FreeDesktop

Firefox

Thunderbird, Evolution, etc.

Examples?

A brief introduction to Linux

Traditional style UNIX-like kernel used to build a complete system Project started in summer of 1991 by some Finnish guy :) Linux vs. Minix vs. flamewars! Originally supported only the (shiny!) Intel 80386 Today many millions of lines of code - co-ordination? Big Corporations Research

A brief introduction to Linux

Playing with the Linux kernel

Visit kernel.org and download the source code

Buy a book and sign up at LWN.net

Sign up to mailing lists

Kernelnewbies

Kernel development

How does it work?

Complexity

A brief introduction to Linux

The Linux kernel source

Documentation

Include

Kernel

Arch

Drivers

Filesystems

Building the kernel

Create a config

Build a kernel

Install

A brief introduction to Linux

Did you know...

That many Linux developers have real lives?

That Linux is growing in popularity - why?

That you can contribute and learn?

That Linus Torvalds is a manager?

Magic numbers used in the kernel

Where is Linux headed?

Enterprise Server Systems

Scalability

Performance

Reliability

Embedded Devices

TiVo, Routers, Mobile Phones, TVs...

Real Time Systems

End Users?

Lots of distributions

Improved hardware support

Faster boot times

Feature complete

Questions?

#include All views and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of Red Hat, Inc.quotesdbs_dbs21.pdfusesText_27