This Second Edition of the MTO Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual is a publication of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation for use in the Province of
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This Second Edition of the MTO Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual is a publication of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation for use in the Province of
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(Blank Page) Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second Edition
PAVEMENT DESIGN AND
REHABILITATION
MANUAL
Second
Edition
Published by:
Materials Engineering and Research Office
Ministry of Transportation
1201 Wilson Avenue
Downsview, Ontario
Canada M3M 1J8
Copyright information:© Queen's Printer for Ontario, 2013 ISBN: 978-1-4435-2872-6 (PRINT)
978-1-4435-2873-3 (PDF)
March 2013
Page ii
(Blank Page) Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second Edition To all users of the: PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION MANUAL Enquiries regarding the purchase and distribution of thisManual should be directed to:
Publications Ontario
880 Bay Street
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M7A 1N8
Enquiries regarding amendments, suggestions or comments should be directed to:Materials Engineering and Research Office
Ministry of Transportation Ontario
2 nd Floor, Building C1201 Wilson Avenue
Downsview, ON
M3M 1J8
Page iii
(Blank Page) Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second EditionForeword
This Second Edition of the MTO Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual is a publication of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation for use in the Province of Ontario. The Manual incorporates the ministry's current practices and expertise in the areas of pavement design, rehabilitation, and management. This Manual provides a documented set of guidelines and procedures for use by ministry planners, designers and policy makers. Use of these design practices will assist in prov iding cost-effective pavement design and uniform direction in the preservation of our pavement infrastructure. This second edition incorporated the newly adopted information on SuperPave, the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design, warm mix asphalt, pavement prese rvation and other new pavement design and rehabilitation technologies. Pavement design is steadily changing from an art to a science but is still dependent on the experience and good judgement of the designer. The Manual is not a substitute for experience and understanding in this specialized field of geotechnical engineering.The information presented in this
Manual was carefully researched and presented.
However, no
warranty, express or implied, is made on the accuracy of the contents or their extraction from referenced publications; nor shall the fact of distribution constitute responsibility by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation, or any researchers or contributors for omissions, errors or possible misrepresentation, or financial loss that may result from use or interpretation of the material herein contained.Specific construction and material
related issues should be referred to Ontario Standard Special Provision (OPSS) for details, which can be found from the following website: Comments and suggestions on the technical contents of the Manual are welcome. Such comments should be addressed to: HeadPavements & Foundations Section
Materials Engineering and Research Office
Ministry of Transportation
1201 Wilson Avenue
2nd Floor,
Building C
Downsview, Ontario
Canada M3M
1J8Page iv
(Blank Page) Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second EditionManual Steering Committee
Team Lead - Tom Kazmierowski, Former Manager of Materials Engineering andResearch Office
Members
Becca Lane, Manager of Materials Engineering and Research OfficeBetty Bennett, Senior Pavement Design Engineer
Chris Raymond, Head of Construction Contracts
Dale Smith, Team Lead of Performance
Dan Schutte, Head of Program Planning (Northwestern Region) Darwyn Sproule, Head of Planning and Design (Eastern Region) Nick Gilbert, Head of Geotechnical Section (West Region)Stephen Lee, Head of Pavements and Foundations
Susanne Chan
Pavement Design Engineer
Page v
(Blank Page) Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second EditionTechnical Working Committees
Chapter 1: Materials
Chairman: Susanne Chan, Pavement Design Engineer
Members:
Anil Virani
, Senior Bituminious EngineerBetty Bennett, Senior Pavement Design Engineer
Chris Raymond, Head of Construction Contracts
Maria Bianchin, Lead of Performance Specifications Task GroupRobert Mount, Geotechnical Engineer (West Region)
Steve Senior, Head of Soils and Aggregates
Chapter 2: Drainage
Chairman - Susanne Chan, Pavement Design Engineer
Members:
Betty Bennett, Senior Pavement Design Engineer
Chris Raymond, Head of Construction Contracts
Hani Farghaly,
Senior Engineer of Hydrotechnical Design
Rob Kohlberger, Geotechnical Engineer (Central Region)Steve Senior, Head of Soils and Aggregates
Chapter 3: Pavement Design
Chairman - Susanne Chan, Pavement Design Engineer
Members:
Betty Bennett, Senior Pavement Design Engineer
Chris Raymond, Head of Construction Contracts
Dale Smith, Team Lead of Performance
Derek Thompson, Geotechnical Engineer (Northeastern Region) Jason Wright, Geotechnical Engineer (Northeastern Region)Joseph Ponniah
, Former Senior Research Engineer Joshua Li, Pavement Design Evaluation Officer (Central Region) Maria Bianchin, Lead of Performance Specifications Task GroupMark Ayton
, Senior Engineer High way DesignMuhammad
Kamran Khan, Project Soils Engineer (West Region)
Pamela Marks, Head of Bituminous Section
Rob Tardif, Team Leader Transportation Planning
Steve Senior, Head of Soils and Aggregates
Warren Lee
, Pavement Design EngineerPage vi
Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second Edition Chapter 4: Maintenance, Preservation and RehabilitationChairman - Susanne Chan, Pavement Design Engineer
Members:
Betty Bennett, Senior Pavement Design Engineer
Brij Sharma, Pavement Management Engineer
Chris Raymond, Head of Construction Contracts
Marc Rockburn
Pavement Design Evaluation Officer (Northeastern Region) Maria Bianchin, Lead of Performance Specifications Task GroupPamela Marks, Head of Bituminous Section
Steve Senior, Head of Soils and Aggregates
Ted Phillips, Former Geotechnical Supervisor (Eastern Region)Chapter 5: Evaluation and Pavement Management
Chairman - Susanne Chan, Pavement Design Engineer
Members:
Betty Bennett, Senior Pavement Design Engineer
Brij Sharma, Pavement Management Engineer
Chris Raymond, Head of Construction Contracts
Frank Marciello, Supervisor of Pavement Evaluation UnitJohn Blair, Senior Soils and Aggregates Engineer
Li Ningyuan, Senior Pavement Management Engineer
Nick Gilbert, Head of Geotechnical Section (West Region)Warren Lee, Pavement Design Engineer
Page vii
Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second EditionAcknowledgements
The MTO Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual manifest the talents and dedication of the ministry staff from various offices. The actual publication of this document is a complex and time-consuming task made easier by the enthusiasm of the people involved.Their contributions
are gratefully acknowledged.Project Manager
Susanne Chan
, Pavement Design EngineerTechnical
Editing - Technical Working Committee Members
Independent Reviewer
Alison Bradbury, Former Head of Engineering Standards andSpecification Management Section
Proofreading
Steering Committee Members
Page viii
(Blank Page) Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second EditionTable of Contents
1 Materials ..........................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Subgrade Materials .................................................................................................................2
1.1.1 Soil and Rock Identification and Classification ..............................................................2
Physiography of
Ontario .......................................................................................................2
Soil Classification .................................................................................................................3
Soil Descriptions ..................................................................................................................4
Engineering
Properties .........................................................................................................5
1.1.2 Soil Investigations ...........................................................................................................7
Vehicle-Mounted Power Augers ...........................................................................................8
Manual Augers .....................................................................................................................8
Organic Samplers .................................................................................................................9
Backhoes ..............................................................................................................................9
Core Drilling Equipment for Rock .....................................................................................10
Sampling Depths and Locations .........................................................................................10
Water Well Regulation 903 ................................................................................................. 11
1.1.3 Soil Tests........................................................................................................................ 11
Particle Size Analysis, LS 702 ............................................................................................12
Moisture Content, LS 701
Atterberg Limits, LS 703 and LS 704 ................................................................................13
Moisture / Density Relationship, LS 706
and LS 707 ........................................................13California Bearing Ratio .....................................................................................................14
Field Vane Test ...................................................................................................................14
1.1 .4 Specialized Soil Testing1.1.5 Lime Treated Subgrades ................................................................................................15
1.2 Granular Materials ................................................................................................................17
1.2.1 Use of Granular Materials In Pavement Structures .......................................................17
Granular A ..........................................................................................................................20
Granular B ..........................................................................................................................21
Granular M .........................................................................................................................24
Granular O ..........................................................................................................................24
Select Subgrade Material (SSM) ........................................................................................25
Page ix
Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second Edition1.2.2 Pre-Contract Granular Material Sampling .....................................................................26
1.2.3 Pre-Contract Granular Material Testing ........................................................................27
Sieve analysis of aggregate, LS 602 ...................................................................................27
Micro-Deval , LS 618 and LS 619 .....................................................................................27
Petrographic Analysis of Coarse Aggregate, LS 609..........................................................28
Plasticity Index, LS 703 and LS 704 and LS-631 ..............................................................28
Percent Crushed, LS 607 ....................................................................................................28
1.3.1 Hydraulic (Portland) Cement Modified Base and Subbase ...........................................29
Cement Treated Base ..........................................................................................................29
Lean Concrete Base ............................................................................................................30
Roller Compacted Concrete ...............................................................................................30
Open Graded Drainage Layer .............................................................................................30
1.3.2 Asphalt Treated Granular Materials ...............................................................................30
Bituminous Treated Base ....................................................................................................31
Emulsion Stabilized Base ...................................................................................................31
Asphalt Treated Open Graded Drainage Layer ..................................................................31
Expanded Asphalt Stabilization ..........................................................................................31
1.3.3 Lime and Fly Ash Treated Granular Materials ..............................................................32
1.3.4 Calcium Chloride...........................................................................................................33
1.3.5 Miscellaneous Granular Treatments ..............................................................................34
Lignosulphonate .................................................................................................................34
Controlled Density Backfill (Unshrinkable Fill) ................................................................34
1.4 Asphaltic Materials ...............................................................................................................35
1.4.1 Asphalt Material Categories ..........................................................................................36
Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete ...............................................................................................36
a) Stone Mastic Asphalt ...................................................................................................37
b) SuperPave ....................................................................................................................38
c) Warm Mix Asphaltic Concrete ....................................................................................41
Cold Mix Asphaltic Concrete .............................................................................................42
Surface Treatment ...............................................................................................................43
Surface Treatment Applications .........................................................................................44
Other Asphalt Surface Treatments ......................................................................................47
Recycled Mixes ..................................................................................................................49
Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement and Roof Shingle Tabs ..................................... 50Hot-In-Place Recycling ..................................................................................... 50
Page x
Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual - Second Edition Cold-In-Place Recycling (CIR) ......................................................................... 51
Cold -In-Place Recycling Expanded Asphalt Mix ............................................. 511.4.2 Asphalt Cement, Liquid Asphalt and Emulsified Asphalt .............................................51
Asphalt Cement ..................................................................................................................52
Performance Graded Asphalt Cement (PGAC) ................................................ 52Liquid Asphalt ....................................................................................................................55
Emulsified Asphalt .............................................................................................................56
Additives ............................................................................................................................57
1.4.3 Aggregates .....................................................................................................................57
Micro-Deval , LS 618 and LS 619 .....................................................................................58
Magnesium Sulphate Soundness, LS 606...........................................................................58
Absorption, LS 604 and LS 605 .........................................................................................58
Petrographic Analysis, LS 609
Loss By Washing, LS 601 ..................................................................................................59
Flat and Elongated Particles, LS 608..................................................................................59
Percentage Crushed, LS 607 ...............................................................................................59
1.4.4 Hot Mix ASPHALT Design
SuperPave Method..............................................................................................................60
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