[PDF] [PDF] SCH 206

[PDF] Aldehydes and Ketones IUPAC Names IUPAC Names Naming the

Aldehydes and Ketones carbonyl group an aldehyde a ketone Naming aldehydes and ketones Common names: Ketones and phenones 16-1 IUPAC Names

[PDF] Naming Aldehydes and Ketones (Rules) - Chemistry

Naming Aldehydes – Chem 30B ▫ In the IUPAC system we use o Other carbonyl (ketone) groups, treat as a substituent with the name “oxo” Naming Ketones

[PDF] Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - NCERT

1 Nomenclature I Aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes and ketones are the simplest and most important carbonyl compounds There are two systems of 

[PDF] Carbonyl Chemistry (12 Lectures) Aldehydes and Ketones - chicac

Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones • Traditional names are used for a great many aldehydes and ketones which were recognized as substances long 

[PDF] SCH 206

(1) Nomenclature, Synthesis and Reactions of Aldehydes Ketones (2) Enols Both aldehydes and ketones are characterised by the presence of the C=O 

[PDF] Carbonyl Compounds: Ketones, Aldehydes - UCR Chemistry

13: Carbonyl Compounds: Ketones, Aldehydes, Carboxylic Acids •Carbonyl Compounds •Nomenclature •Oxidation and Reduction •Structure and Reactivity  

[PDF] Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

An ether is a compound that has an oxygen bonded to two organic groups, R-O-R Page 19 Naming Ethers • Ethers are named by identifying the two organic 

[PDF] Aldehydes and Ketones (pp 916-920)

Due to the versatile reactivity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones occupy a central role in organic chemistry Page 3 20 2 Nomenclature 917 20 2  

[PDF] Naming of aldehydes and ketones pdf - Squarespace

Naming of aldehydes and ketones pdf Learning goals identifies the general structure for an aldey and a platform Use common names to name aldeyd and 

[PDF] naming aldehydes and ketones practice problems pdf

[PDF] naming aldehydes and ketones quiz

[PDF] naming aldehydes and ketones worksheet

[PDF] naming aldehydes and ketones worksheet doc

[PDF] naming amides practice

[PDF] naming amines and amides worksheet with answers

[PDF] naming amines practice pdf

[PDF] naming carboxylic acid derivatives practice

[PDF] naming convention for functions sql server

[PDF] naming convention in dbms

[PDF] naming ether and ester

[PDF] naming ethers practice

[PDF] naming ketones and aldehydes practice

[PDF] naming of aldehydes and ketones pdf

[PDF] naming organic compounds worksheet with answers pdf

SCH 206

(ORGANIC ACIDS, AMINES, ESTERS AND

PHENOLS)

Dr Albert Ndakala

andakala@uonbi.ac.ke

0720443386

Basement of Chemistry (B-6)

ODL Lecture Timetable

Monday 2-4 pm (ChemLab-132)

Wednesday 2 -5 pm (ChemLab-132)

1

Course Outline

Ketones.

(2)EnolsandtheChemistryofEnolates. 2

Course Evaluation

(a) Assignments covering Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic

Acids, Esters, Amides and Amines.

(b) Continuous Assessment Test covering Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amides and Amines (c) Practicals. (d) Final Exam. 3

Reference Books

OrganicChemistrybyFrancisA.Carey

OrganicChemistrybyJohnMcMurry

Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry by T. W. Solomons

Organic Chemistry by Paula Bruice

Organic Chemistry by Jonathan Clayden

4

To the Student

reactionmechanism. 5

General Introduction

6

ALDEHYDES & KETONES

7

Introduction

Aldehydesand Ketones

8

C=Ogroup.

attacheddirectlytothecarbonylcarbon.

Naturally Occurring Aldehydes

9

Naturally OccuringKetones

10

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

11 namesofopen-chainaliphaticaldehydesisal. suffixtotheIUPACnameoftheparentalkane. generatetheappropriatenameofthecompound.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

12 carbonchainlengthasshownbelow:

Number of

Carbons

Name of

Parent Alkane

Structure of

Aldehyde

Systematic Name of

Aldehyde

1MethaneMethanal

2EthaneEthanal

3PropanePropanal

4ButaneButanal

5PentanePentanal

HCH

OCH3CH

O

CH3CH2CH

O

CH3CH2CH2CH

O

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH

O

Guidelines for IUPAC Nomenclature of

Substituted Aldehydes

13 isderivedby: chainofthealdehyde. ofthealdehyde.ItisbydefaultC-1.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Substituted

Aldehydes

14 providetheparent(root)nameofthealdehyde. chainareindicatedwithlocants1,2,3etc.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Substituted

Aldehydes

15

FunctionalGroupsinNomenclature.

Acid > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > Amine> Alkyne >Alkene > Alkane

IUPAC Nomenclature of Substituted

Aldehydes

16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Cyclic Aldehydes

17

IUPAC Nomenclature of Substituted Cyclic

Aldehydes

18 tricarbaldehydeetc. isomers.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

19 ketonesisone. totheIUPACnameoftheparentalkaneoralkene.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

20 carbonchainlengthasshownbelow:

Number of

Carbons

Name of

Parent Alkane

Structure of

Ketone

Systematic Name

of Ketone

3PropanePropanone

4ButaneButanone

5PentanePentan-2-one

5PentanePentan-3-one

Guidelines for IUPAC Nomenclature of

Substituted Ketones

21
parent(principal)chainoftheketone. thelowestpossibleaddressnumber.

Guidelines for IUPAC Nomenclature of

Substituted Ketones

22

IUPAC Nomenclature of Substituted Ketones

23

IUPAC Nomenclature of Cyclic Ketones

24

Cyclicketonesarenamedascycloalkanones.

lowestpossiblenumber.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Cyclic Ketones

25

Cyclicketoneswithtwoketogroupsarenamedas

cycloalkanediones.

Alternative IUPAC Nomenclature of

Aromatic Ketones

26
groupandthesuffixophenone. directlytoabenzene(aromatic)system).

Nomenclature of PolycarbonylCompounds

27
oxo-group

Priority of Functional Groups in Nomenclature.

Acid > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > Amine> Alkyne >Alkene > Alkane

Names of Carbonyl Groups as Substituents

28

Number of

Carbons

PrefixStructure of

CarbonylGroup

Name of Carbonyl

Substituent

IUPAC Name

1Form-FormylMethanoyl

2Acet-AcetylEthanoyl

3Propion-PropionylPropanoyl

4Butyr-ButyrylButanoyl

5Valer-ValerylPentanoyl

carbonylsubstituent.

IUPAC Nomenclature of Polycarbonyl

Compounds

29
lengthofthesubstituent.

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

Introduction

30
preservationofbiologicalspecimen. commerciallyviableforexploitation. toaccessthem.

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

Preparative Strategies

31
whichaldehydesandketonesareprepared. andketonesarealcohols,alkenesandalkynes.

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydesand Ketones

32
oxidationofaketoneisnotpossible.

Strong Oxidizing Agents

33
waytocarboxylicacids. maybeusedtoprepareketones consideralternativestrategies.

Strong Oxidizing Agents

34

ExamplesofStrongOxidizingAgents

Examples of Oxidations with Strong

Oxidizing Agents in Aqueous Media

36

Modified Chromium (VI) Reagents

Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydesin Organic

Solvents

37
reagentsiscommonlyundertakenin.

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

PCC and PDC Oxidations of Alcohols

40
alcoholstoketonesbyPCC.

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

Ozonolysisof Alkenes Under Reductive Cleavage

41
reaction

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

Ozonolysisof Alkenes Under Reductive Cleavage

42
reaction

Synthesis of Aldehydesand Ketones

Mechanism of OzonolysisUnder Reductive Cleavage

43

Synthesis of Ketones

Reaction of Nitrileswith Grignard Reagents

Summary

Example

44CRNR'MgBrCRR'

NMgBrH3O+

CRR' O

Iminium salt

KetoneNitrileGrignard reagent

provideketones.

Synthesis of Ketones

Mechanism of Conversion of Nitrilesto Ketones

A Grignard or organolithium reagent attacks a nitrile to give the magnesium or lithium salt of an imine. Acidic hydrolysis of the imine leads to the ketone. 45

Synthesis of Aromatic Ketones

Friedel-Crafts Acylationof Arenes

46
ketones).

Examples

Synthesis of Aromatic Ketones

Mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts Acylation

47
The reaction is based on electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Reactions of Aldehydesand Ketones

Duality of Reactivity

chemistryofaldehydesandketones.

Itdoesthistwoways:

carbonylcarbon 48

Illustration

aldehydesandketones.

Reactions of Aldehydesand Ketones

Duality of Reactivity

49
overallsubstitutionreaction.

Oxidation of Aldehydesand Ketones

50
lengthastheparentaldehyde.

Oxidation of Aldehydesand Ketones

51
suchashydroxylgroups.

TollensTest for Aldehydes

(The Silver Mirror Test) 52

Thetestinvolvesaddingasolutionofasilver-

ammonicalcomplex(thereagent)toanunknown compound.

Tollenstest.

theTollenstestarethephenols.

TollensTest for Aldehydes

(Summary) 53
aldehydesfromketones. ketones)tometallicsilver.

AcetophenoneBenzaldehyde

NucleophilicAddition to Aldehydesand

Ketones

(General Principles) 54
electrophiliccarbonatomfromsp2tosp3. protonation

NucleophilicAddition to Aldehydesand

Ketones

(General Principles) 55

Suchreactionsareusuallyreversible.

addition

Reduction of Aldehydesand Ketones

Definitionofreduction:Option1

Additionoftheelementsofhydrogen

56

DefinitionofReduction:Option2

Removaloftheelementsofoxygen

andketones.

Reduction of Aldehydesand Ketones

57
ontheadditionofhydrogen.

Reduction of Aldehydesand Ketones

58
RC O H NaBH4 RC H H OHor

LiAlH4

RC O R' NaBH4 RC H R' OHor

LiAlH4

Aldehyde

KetoneSecondary alcohol

Primary alcohol

Examples

Reduction of Aldehydesand Ketones

Mechanism of Reduction

59

Reduction with Lithium aluminium hydride

Reduction with Sodium borohydride

Reductive Deoxygenationof Aldehydesand

Ketones

(Wolff-KishnerReduction) thecarbonylgrouptoprovideahydrocarbon.

Example

effectthereduction. 60

Mechanism of the Wolff-KishnerReduction

61
andprotonations.

Reactions of Aldehydeswith Weak

Nucleophiles

(Hydration) 62

RCHO+H2ORCH

OH

OHAldehydeAldehyde hydrate

(Geminal diol) aldehydehydrates.

Reactions of Aldehydeswith Weak

Nucleophiles

(Hydration) 63
stableandisolable.

Reaction of Ketoneswith Weak

Nucleophiles

Hydration

64
stablehydrate. lessreadilythanaldehydes.

Example

Mechanism of Hydration of Aldehydesand

Ketones

65

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Weak Nucleophiles

Acyclic Hemiacetaland AcetalFormation

66
catalyst,thesereactionsarereversible.

Example

Mechanism of Hemiacetaland Acetal

Formation

67
lossofaproton.

Mechanism of Hemiacetaland AcetalFormation

68
intoagoodleavinggroup.

Mechanism of Hemiacetaland Acetal

Formation

69
(deprotonation).

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Weak Nucleophiles

Cyclic Hemiacetaland AcetalFormation

70
cyclichemiacetal.

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Weak Nucleophiles

Mechanism of Cyclic HemiacetalFormation

71

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Weak Nucleophiles

Cyclic AcetalFormation

72
catalysedconditionstoformcyclicacetals.

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Weak Nucleophiles

Mechanism of Cyclic Hemiacetaland AcetalFormation

73

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Weak Nucleophiles

Cyclic AcetalFormation

74
conditionstoformcyclicacetals. formationsarepossible.

Intramolecular version

Intermolecular version

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith HCN

CyanohydrinFormation

75
groupattachedtothesamecarbonatom. cyanohydrins. 76
astrongnucleophile. acidicliquidthatboilsat26oC.

Cyanohydrin

Formation

Reaction of Aldehydeswith HCN

Mechanism of CyanohydrinFormation

NaOH catalysed reaction

77

Reaction of Ketoneswith HCN

Mechanism of CyanohydrinFormation

78

NaCN catalysed reaction

Cyanohydrins in Biological Systems

79
variedrolesinthesesystems. beforesprayingthepoisonatanenemy.

Reaction of Primary Amines with Aldehydes

and Ketones

ImineFormation

80
formimines.

Mechanism of ImineFormation

81

Other ImineDerivatives of Aldehydesand

Ketones

82
ketonestoformvariousderivatives.

Qualitative Tests for Aldehydesand Ketones

83
Test precipitate.

Qualitative Tests for Aldehydesand Ketones

84
ketonesbytheireaseofoxidation. silvermirroronthesidesofatesttube).

Qualitative Tests for Aldehydesand Ketones

85
(c) The Benedicts Test for Reducing Sugars browndepositofCu2O.

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

Strong Nucleophiles

OrganometallicReagents

86
acetylidereagents)toprovidealcohols.

Reactionwithsodiumacetylide

Reactions with OrganometallicReagents

Mechanism of Addition to the Carbonyl Group

87
theadditionreaction.

Examples

Reaction of Aldehydesand Ketoneswith

quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23