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Customs Modernization

Initiatives: Case Studies

Customs

Modernization

Initiatives:

Case Studies

Editors

Luc De Wulf and JosŽ B. Sokol

THE WORLD BANK

Washington, D.C.

© 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

1818 H Street,NW

Washington, DC 20433

Telephone 202-473-1000

Internet www.worldbank.org

E-mail feedback@worldbank.org

All rights reserved.

A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press.

123407060504

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily

reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,

denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part

of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Rights and Permissions

The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without

permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will

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For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to

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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office

of the Publisher,World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW,Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Customs modernization initiatives: case studies / edited by Luc De Wulf and JosŽ B. Sokol. p. com.

Includes bibliographic references and index.

ISBN 0-8213-5752-2

1. Customs administrationÑDeveloping countries. I.Wulf, Luc De, 1942- II. Sokol, JosŽ B.

HJ7390.C87 2004

352.4Õ48Ñdc22 2004050364

Contents

Forewordvii

Acknowledgmentsix

About the Editorsxi

Abbreviations and Acronymsxiii

1. OVERVIEW1

Luc De Wulf and JosŽ B. Sokol

2. BOLIVIA7

Flavio Escobar

3. GHANA19

Luc De Wulf

4. MOROCCO33

Marcel Steenlandt and Luc De Wulf

5. MOZAMBIQUE49

Anthony Mwangi

6. PERU65

Adrien Goorman

7. PHILIPPINES85

Guillermo L. Parayno Jr.

8. TURKEY101

M. Bahri Oktem

9. UGANDA113

Luc De Wulf

BOXES

4.1 Customs Clearance Sites Outside Customs Zones39

4.2 Improvement of Risk Analysis40

4.3 Personalized Management of Special Import Customs Procedures41

TABLES

2.1 Customs Clearance Time, JanuaryÐJuly 200316

4.1 Imports, 1996Ð200246

4.2 Customs Revenue Indicators, 1998Ð200246

4.3 Customs Revenue by Category, 1998Ð200247

v

4.4 Average Time for Customs Clearance, January 2001ÐJune 200347

5.1 Number and Types of Crown Agents Consultants, July 2000ÐJanuary 200352

5.2 Academic Qualification of Customs Staff after the Reform, 199654

5.3 Planned Staff Profile55

5.4 Customs Revenues, 1995Ð200159

5.5 Penalties for Misconduct, 1997ÐJune 200061

6.1 Tariff Regime,Selected Years69

6.2 Customs Staffing, Selected Years72

6.3 A Comparison of the Customs Administration, before and

after the Reform, 1990 and 200276

6.4 Value of Imports, Customs Revenue, Rate of Increase, and

Average Collection Rate, 1990Ð200178

8.1 Revenue Importance of Customs Duties and Taxes, Selected Years103

8.2 The TCAÕs Four-Year Action Plan104

8.3 Customs Clearance Times, 1996 and 2001110

9.1 URA Revenue Preformance, 1990Ð2002116

FIGURES

2.1 Import Taxes as a Share of Overall Budget Revenue, 1994Ð20008

2.2 Customs Revenue as a Share of Total Tax Revenue, 20008

2.3 Evolution of Effective Customs Rates, 1994Ð20019

3.1 The Pre-Reform Trade Transaction System23

3.2 TradeNet Concepts24

3.3 Simplified Import Procedures27

5.1 Average Number of Days Required for Import Clearance,

Selected African Countries,200060

6.1 Organizational Structure of the National Customs Service70

viContents vii

Foreword

In recent years, policymakers have become increas- ingly aware of the importance of policies that can facilitate the flow of goods and services across bor- ders. Sound trade facilitation policies are indeed essential if countries are to realize the potential gains available from enhanced market access, low- ered tariffs, reduced transportation costs, and improved communications. Such gains can allow countries to achieve higher growth rates and reduce poverty.

Customs administrations are a critical compo-

nent of this framework and are therefore important catalysts of economic development. Well-designed programs that focus on improving the efficiency of customs administrations can generate significant gains by helping to integrate developing countries countries have undertaken customs reform and modernization initiatives, often with the assistance of theWorld Bank or other development agencies.

The outcomes of those programs have been

mixed because,unfortunately,many programs havefailed to meet their objectives. To help our member countries draw lessons from the successes and fail- ures of such reform efforts, the International Trade Department of the World Bank is preparing a series of tools anchored on its Customs Modernization

Handbook.This publication is a companion to the

Customs Modernization Handbook. It documents

the lessons to be learned from eight case studies that were prepared to inform the Handbook.The case studies reflect the realities of extremely diverse countries in terms of development, culture, and geography.

We hope that both the Customs Modernization

Initiativesvolume and the Customs Modernization

Handbookwill contribute to successful reforms that will help developing countriesÕto integrate into the global economy and achieve their ultimate objec- tive of poverty reduction.

Uri Dadush

Director

International Trade Department

Acknowledgments

The country case studies are the product of a col- laborative effort on the part of customs experts and consultants who either participated in the reform processes in the countries reviewed or have accu- mulated significant technical knowledge about cus- toms reform and modernization processes in a worldwide context during the course of their pro- fessional experience. The studies were prepared using a methodology developed by Luc De Wulf and Michael Lane. The editors have revised and updated the studies submitted by the authors so as to obtain greater uniformity.

The editors reviewed the country case studies on

an individual basis,as did a number of peer review- ers, including Amparo Ballivi‡n (World Bank),

Michael Engelschalk (World Bank), Carlos Ferreira

(World Bank), Guillermo Gutierrez (National

Customs of Bolivia), Allan Katiga (Uganda Rev-

enue Authority), David Kloeden (International

Monetary Fund), and Michael Lane (formerly with

the U.S. Customs Service). The editors also wish to thank the staff members of the Ghana Community

Network, who were most helpful to the author in

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