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004 This I'DGO design guidance relates to pedestrian crossings. It is part of The Design of Streets with Older People in Mind; a toolkit for those who plan, design and maintain the public realm. It can be used as an aid to assessing the ‘walkability‘ of local safety and comfort. Based on the views of over 1,600

UK guidance, it includes advice on providing

importance of raising awareness among pedestrians as to how crossings work and why.I'DGO design guides are based on evidence from the Inclusive (I'DGO) research project. They have been cited by the World Health importance in planning, designing and maintaining Age-Friendly for Transport. The research was undertaken by the SURFACE

Inclusive Design Research Centre at

the University of Salford. Details of are provided within, with

DSOPM004

Design Guide 004

The Design of Streets with Older People in MindPedestrian Crossings

Being outdoors enhances the physical, social and emotional wellbeing of older people. I'd go outdoors if I could: wouldn't you?www.idgo.ac.uk

Pedestrian Crossings

www.accesscode.info (Department for Transport and the County Surveyors' Society) provides guidance on the most recent type of signalised crossing to be introduced to the UK. guidance has emerged related to pedestrian comfort on footways and at crossing points, for London in 2010. in assessing the need for a crossing, and whether to make it formal or informal, the Department day, at what speed etc. Local Transport Note 2/95, published by the Department in the same year i.e. crossings at road level, not bridges or underpasses. by pedestrians, cyclists and equestrians, they are a requirement of Part 2 of the indicate where it is considered safest to cross a quieter route, providing enabling www.idgo.ac.uk

Pedestrian

crossings play an important role in encouraging 2006)
www.idgo.ac.uk

DSOPM004

Formal pedestrian road crossings

There are various types of formal pedestrian road crossing in the UK: in the UK, they do give pedestrians permanent right of way. When used delay for both pedestrians and motorists. Level access, either by dropped kerb or raised road crossing, must be provided. The remaining types of formal road crossing in the UK are signalised. The Department for Transport recommends ( in

LTN 1/95

) that signalised crossings are used "where there is normally a greater than is fast, heavy etc. In each case, level access, either by dropped kerb or raised road crossing, must be provided. The most common types of signalised pedestrian crossing are: when the green man is lit. and the red and green men are displayed on the nearside of the crossing. (DfT, CSS, 2006).

Toucan. These are shared crossings

for pedestrians and cyclists. They the green man.

Pegasus. These are shared

crossings for pedestrians and

PDU (for mounted riders) and have a green

Pedestrian Crossings

On Pelican crossings, the

green man is lit for: four seconds (for crossings up to

7.5m in length); up to seven

seconds (for crossings over

12.5m);

six to nine seconds (if there is considerable use by pedestrians with with detectors enable people - Inclusive Mobility (DfT, 2005) www.idgo.ac.uk provides guidance on audible and

Published by the Department for

Transport in 1991, it describes the

devices which are approved by the

Secretary of State for Transport for

Sweep' audible signal (four 'bleeps'

followed by a longer rising tone) for staggered pedestrian crossings.

Professionals in 2007. Updated

from a 1997 document, it gives The research and guidance related to pedestrian road crossings (and other aspects of the UK's road network). The portal is a paper-free technical library hosted by 1 Gallon et al, 1991. Savill & Whitney, 2000. Both cited in RSSB, 2005 design guide (DSOPM003) on our www.idgo.ac.uk

Other types of pedestrian road crossing

In general, UK guidance recommends that crossings are 'at grade', that is, at road level,

is recommended that " footbridges and subways should be avoided unless local topography or raise concerns over personal security - if they are unavoidable, designers should aim to make them as short as

Informal pedestrian road crossings

are measures put in place to make this easier. They are created using paving materials

Typical informal crossing features include:

Pedestrian refuges - or 'islands' - which provide an area to stand in provides detailed guidance on their design, recommending, for example, Kerb build outs which extend the footway (pavement) out into the carriageway. with the crossing raised to the height of the kerb. dropped kerbs "should, where possible, be provided every 100 metres to avoid the need for wheelchair users to make lengthy detours to cross the given to 'pedestrian desire lines' (where people want to cross) and 'inter- visibility' (where drivers and pedestrians can best see each other). NB dropped kerbs must be provided at all formal crossings.

DSOPM004

Pedestrian Crossings

www.idgo.ac.uk

What I'DGO found

streets?

In Local Transport Note 1/95, the

Department for Transport states that

people are able to cross without the that "generally the provision of crossings should be targeted at the needs of those found that 72.5% had no pedestrian crossing at all - either formal or informal - but that, of the limited number of crossings provided, more (30) were formal than 0

255075100

% of crossings None Other 0

Provision of pedestrian crossings in the street

72.500.52623.500.5013

www.idgo.ac.uk what types of pedestrian crossing do older people generally prefer? In interviews with 200 older people (see Methodology 2), for more than one type so, while most of the people we spoke to (90%) preferred a signalised formal crossing, approximately half would also use a Zebra crossing. Again, around 50% considered informal crossings cars had knocked into poles and bollards etc. and the islands were not considered wide enough

DSOPM004

Pedestrian Crossings

Methodology 1

throughout the UK. The audits were conducted within a 300m radius of each person's home and only included the places they could reasonably get to on foot. Using an externally-validated, 12-

Methodology 2

surveyed them to assess their preferences for how streets are designed at detailed level using limited, 35% per cent used some form of mobility aid and 20% had stumbled or fallen outside within six months of the date of interview.

While older people had grown up with Zebra crossings, and most had a good understanding of the priority

they gave to pedestrians, some expressed concern over their own understanding of how they worked (“I'm

for a number of years but the ... sequences are not standardised and experience has shown that many people do not fully appreciate how for a standardised form of signalling at all crossings www.idgo.ac.uk www.idgo.ac.uk Maxwell et al, 2011), few people realised that they had 'intelligent' features that were capable of

DSOPM004

Pedestrian Crossings

With farside pedestrian signals, pedestrians

to see a nearside pedestrian display compared to a pedestrian signal at the opposite side of the carriageway.

Methodology 3

breathlessness (16.5%). 1 2 3 4

What helps us feel safe when crossing the road?

unsafe at the crossing site where they were interviewed. Although just under half ( 46%
) felt safe, only 15% felt very safe www.idgo.ac.uk

such signals cannot be used, for example, where there are two crossings in close proximity. In these instances,

were introduced). www.idgo.ac.uk

DSOPM004

Pedestrian Crossings

and awareness raising in Department for Transport guidance, it www.idgo.ac.uk

DSOPM004

Older people have told us that their biggest concern when using a pedestrian crossing is knowing when to cross safely. They perceive a lack of understanding on the part of both pedestrians and drivers as to who has priority; exacerbated by increasing diversity within, challenge.

Diversity between crossings should be minimised.

- are introduced. Likewise, when new crossing features are piloted or rolled out (e.g. pedestrian counts, indicate an average walking speed, on crossings, of between 0.7 and

0.9 metres per second. This falls further at busy crossing sites.

corresponding sides of the pavement. they make people feel unsafe.

Underpasses and footbridges place older

The Design of Streets with Older

People in Mind was originally

published electronically in 2007.

This version of DSOPM004:

Pedestrian crossings dates from

June 2013 and is available in both

hard copy and pdf format. All author, Rita Newton (r.newton@ salford.ac.uk), who retains the copyright.quotesdbs_dbs12.pdfusesText_18