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PROGRAMACIÓN EN C++
Transparencias del libro Starting out with C++ : early objects, Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters, GodfreyMuganda
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and
Programming
Topics
1.1 Why Program?
1.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and
Software
1.3 Programs and Programming Languages
1.4 What Is a Program Made of?
1.5 Input, Processing, and Output
1.6 The Programming Process
1-3
1.1 Why Program?
Computer-programmable machine designed to
follow instructions
Program/Software-instructions in computer
memory to make it do something
Programmer-person who writes instructions
(programs) to make computer perform a task
SO, without programmers, no programs; without
programs, the computer cannot do anything 1-4
1.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and
Software
Hardware-Physical components of a
computer
Main Hardware Component Categories
1.Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2.Main memory (RAM)
3.Secondary storage devices
4.Input Devices
5.Output Devices
1-5
Main Hardware Component Categories
1-6
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU -Hardware
component that runs programs
Includes
•Control Unit -Retrieves and decodes program instructions -Coordinates computer operations •Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) -Performs mathematical operations 1-7
The CPU's Role in Running a Program
Cycle through:
•Fetch: get the next program instruction from main memory •Decode: interpret the instruction and generate a signal •Execute: route the signal to the appropriate component to perform an operation 1-8
Main Memory
•Holds both program instructions and data •Volatile -erased when program terminates or computer is turned off •Also called Random Access Memory (RAM) 1-9
Main Memory Organization
•Bit -Smallest piece of memory -Stands for binary digit -Has values 0 (off) or 1 (on) •Byte -Is 8 consecutive bits -Has an address •Word -Usually 4 consecutive bytes 1-10
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
8 bits
1 byte
Secondary Storage
•Non-volatile -data retained when program is not running or computer is turned off •Comes in a variety of media -magnetic: floppy or hard disk drive, internal or external -optical: CD or DVD drive -flash: USB flash drive 1-11
Input Devices
•Used to send information to the computer from outside •Many devices can provide input -keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, disk drive, CD/DVD drive,
USB flash drive
1-12
Output Devices
•Used to send information from the computer to the outside •Many devices can be used for output -Computer screen, printer, speakers, disk drive, CD/DVD recorder, USB flash drive 1-13
Software Programs That Run on a
Computer
•System software -programs that manage the computer hardware and the programs that run on the computer -Operating Systems •Controls operation of computer •Manages connected devices •Runs programs -Utility Programs •Support programs that enhance computer operations •Examples: anti-virus software, data backup, data compression -Softwaredevelopment tools •Used by programmers to create software •Examples: compilers, integrated development environments (IDEs) 1-14
1.3 Programs and Programming
Languages
•Program a set of instructions directing a computer to perform a task •Programming Language a language used to write programs 1-15
Algorithm
Algorithm:
a set of steps to perform a task or to solve a problem
Order is important. Steps must be
performed sequentially 1-16
Programs and Programming Languages
Types of languages
-Low-level: used for communication with computer hardware directly. -High-level: closer to human language 1-17
From a High-level Program to an
Executable File
a)Create file containing the program with a text editor. b)Run preprocessorto convert source file directives to source code program statements. c)Run compilerto convert source program statements into machine instructions. 1-18
From a High-level Program to an
Executable File
d)Run linkerto connect hardware-specific library code to machine instructions, producing an executable file.
Steps b) through d) are often performed by a
single command or button click.
Errors occuring at any step will prevent
execution of the following steps. 1-19
From a High-level Program to an
Executable File
1-20
1.4 What Is a Program Made Of?
Common elements in programming
languages: -Key Words -Programmer-Defined Identifiers -Operators -Punctuation -Syntax 1-21
Example Program
#include
using namespace std; int main() double num1 = 5, num2, sum; num2 = 12; sum = num1 + num2; cout << "The sum is " << sum; return 0; 1-22 Key Words
•Also known as reserved words •Have a special meaning in C++ •Can not be used for another purpose •Written using lowercase letters •Examples in program (shown in green): using namespace std; int main() 1-23 Programmer-Defined Identifiers
•Names made up by the programmer •Not part of the C++ language •Used to represent various things, such as variables (memory locations) •Example in program (shown in green): double num1 1-24 Operators
•Used to perform operations on data •Many types of operators -Arithmetic: +, -, *, / -Assignment: = •Examples in program(shown in green): num2 = 12; sum = num1+ num2; 1-25 Punctuation
•Characters that mark the end of a statement, or that separate items in a list •Example in program (shown in green): double num1 = 5, num2 , sum; num2 = 12; 1-26 Lines vs. Statements
In a source file,
A line
is all of the characters entered before a carriage return. Blank lines improve the readability of a
program. Here are four sample lines. Line 3 is blank:
1. double num1 = 5, num2, sum;
2. num2 = 12;
3. 4. sum = num1 + num2;
1-27 Lines vs. Statements
In a source file,
A statement is an instruction to the computer to
perform an action. A statement may contain keywords, operators,
programmer -defined identifiers, and punctuation. A statement may fit on one line, or it may
occupy multiple lines. Here is a single statement that uses two lines:
double num1 = 5, num2, sum; 1-28 Variables
•A variable is a named location in computer memory (in RAM) •It holds a piece of data. The data that it holds may change while the program is running. •The name of the variable should reflect its purpose •It must be definedbefore it can be used. Variable definitions indicate the variable name and the type of data that it can hold. •Example variable definition: double num1; 1-29 1.5 Input, Processing, and Output
Three steps that many programs perform
1)Gather input data
-from keyboard -from files on disk drives 2)Process the input data
3)Display the results as output
-send it to the screen or a printer -write it to a file 1-30 1.6 The Programming Process
1.Define what the program is to do.
2.Visualize the program running on the
computer. 3.Use design tools to create a model of the program.
Hierarchy charts, flowcharts, pseudocode, etc.
4.Check the model for logical errors.
5.Write the program source code.
6.Compile the source code.
1-31 The Programming Process (cont.)
7. Correct any errors found during compilation.
8. Link the program to create an executable file.
9. Run the program using test data for input.
10. Correct any errors found while running the
program. Repeat steps 4 -10 as many times as necessary.
11. Validate the results of the program.
Does the program do what was defined in step 1?
1-32 Chapter 2: Introduction to C++
Topics
2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
2.2 The
coutObject 2.3 The
#includeDirective 2.4 Standard and Prestandard C++
2.5 Variables, Literals, and the Assignment
Statement
2.6 Identifiers
2.7 Integer Data Types
2.8 Floating
-Point Data Types 2-34 Topics (continued)
2.9 The char Data Type
2.10 The C++
stringClass 2.11 The
boolData Type 2.12 Determining the Size of a Data Type
2.13 More on Variable Assignments and
Initialization
2.14 Scope
2.15 Arithmetic Operators
2.16 Comments
2-35 2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
// sample C++ program #include using namespace std; int main() cout << "Hello, there!"; return 0; 2-36 comment preprocessor directive which namespace to use beginning of function named main beginning of block formain output statement send 0back to operating system end of block for main 2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
2-37 StatementPurpose
// sample C++ program comment #include preprocessor directive using namespace std; which namespace to use intmain()beginning of functionnamed main beginning of block for main cout<< "Hello, there!";output statement return 0; send 0 back to the operating system end of block for main Special Characters
2-38 CharacterNameDescription
Double SlashBegins a comment
Pound SignBegins preprocessor directive
Open, Close BracketsEncloses filename used in
#includedirective Open, Close ParenthesesUsed when naming function
Open, Close BracesEncloses a group of statements
Open, Close Quote MarksEncloses string of characters SemicolonEnds a programming statement
Important Details
•C++ is case-sensitive. Uppercase and lowercase characters are different characters. 'Main' is not the same as 'main'. •Every {must have a corresponding }, and vice-versa. 2-39 2.2 The coutObject
•Displays information on computer screen •Use <Starting a New Line •To get multiple lines of output on screen -Use endl cout << "Hello, there!" << endl; -Use \nin an output string cout << "Hello, there! \n"; 2-41 Escape Sequences -More Control Over
Output
2-42 2.3 The #includeDirective
•Inserts the contents of another file into the program •Is a preprocessor directive -Not part of the C++ language -Not seen by compiler •Example: #include 2-43 No ;goes here
2.4 Standard and Prestandard C++
Prestandard (Older-style) C++ programs
•Use .hat end of header files #include •Do not use using namespaceconvention •May not use return 0; at the end of function main •May not compile with a standard C++ compiler 2-44 2.5 Variables, Literals, and the
Assignment Statement
•Variable -Has a name and a type of data it can holdquotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20
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