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Advanced javaiAdvanced java

Advanced javaiiContents

1 How to create and destroy objects1

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Instance Construction

1.2.1 Implicit (Generated) Constructor

1.2.2 Constructors without Arguments

1.2.3 Constructors with Arguments

1.2.4 Initialization Blocks

1.2.5 Construction guarantee

1.2.6 Visibility

1.2.7 Garbage collection

1.2.8 Finalizers

1.3 Static initialization

1.4 Construction Patterns

1.4.1 Singleton

1.4.2 Utility/Helper Class

1.4.3 Factory

1.4.4 Dependency Injection

1.5 Download the Source Code

1.6 What"s next

2 Using methods common to all objects10

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Methods equals and hashCode

2.3 Method toString

2.4 Method clone

2.5 Method equals and == operator

2.6 Useful helper classes

2.7 Download the Source Code

2.8 What"s next

16 Advanced javaiii3 How to design Classes and Interfaces17

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Interfaces

3.3 Marker Interfaces

3.4 Functional interfaces, default and static methods

3.5 Abstract classes

3.6 Immutable classes

3.7 Anonymous classes

3.8 Visibility

3.9 Inheritance

3.10 Multiple inheritance

3.11 Inheritance and composition

3.12 Encapsulation

3.13 Final classes and methods

3.14 Download the Source Code

3.15 What"s next

4 How and when to use Generics28

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Generics and interfaces

4.3 Generics and classes

4.4 Generics and methods

4.5 Limitation of generics

4.6 Generics, wildcards and bounded types

4.7 Generics and type inference

4.8 Generics and annotations

4.9 Accessing generic type parameters

4.10 When to use generics

4.11 Download the Source Code

4.12 What"s next

5 How and when to use Enums and Annotations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Enums as special classes

5.3 Enums and instance fields

5.4 Enums and interfaces

5.5 Enums and generics

5.6 Convenient Enums methods

5.7 Specialized Collections: EnumSet and EnumMap

Advanced javaiv5.8 When to use enums. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

5.9 Annotations as special interfaces

5.10 Annotations and retention policy

5.11 Annotations and element types

5.12 Annotations and inheritance

5.13 Repeatable annotations

5.14 Annotation processors

5.15 Annotations and configuration over convention

5.16 When to use annotations

5.17 Download the Source Code

5.18 What"s next

6 How to write methods efficiently47

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Method signatures

6.3 Method body

6.4 Method overloading

6.5 Method overriding

6.6 Inlining

6.7 Recursion

6.8 Method References

6.9 Immutability

6.10 Method Documentation

6.11 Method Parameters and Return Values

6.12 Methods as API entry points

6.13 Download the Source Code

6.14 What"s next

7 General programming guidelines55

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Variable scopes

7.3 Class fields and local variables

7.4 Method arguments and local variables

7.5 Boxing and unboxing

7.6 Interfaces

7.7 Strings

7.8 Naming conventions

7.9 Standard Libraries

7.10 Immutability

7.11 Testing

7.12 Download the Source Code

7.13 What"s next

Advanced javav8 How and when to use Exceptions62

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Exceptions and when to use them

8.3 Checked and unchecked exceptions

8.4 Using try-with-resources

8.5 Exceptions and lambdas

8.6 Standard Java exceptions

8.7 Defining your own exceptions

8.8 Documenting exceptions

8.9 Exceptions and logging

8.10 Download the Source Code

8.11 What"s next

9 Concurrency best practices68

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Threads and Thread Groups

9.3 Concurrency, Synchronization and Immutability

9.4 Futures, Executors and Thread Pools

9.5 Locks

9.6 Thread Schedulers

9.7 Atomic Operations

9.8 Concurrent Collections

9.9 Explore Java standard library

9.10 Using Synchronization Wisely

9.11 Wait/Notify

9.12 Troubleshooting Concurrency Issues

9.13 Download

9.14 What"s next

10 Built-in Serialization techniques78

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Serializable interface

10.3 Externalizable interface

10.4 More about Serializable interface

10.5 Serializability and Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

10.6 JAXB

10.7 JSON-P

10.8 Cost of serialization

10.9 Beyond Java standard library and specifications

10.10Download the Source code

10.11What"s next

84
Advanced javavi11 How to use Reflection effectively85

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Reflection API

11.3 Accessing generic type parameters

11.4 Reflection API and visibility

11.5 Reflection API pitfalls

11.6 Method Handles

11.7 Method Argument Names

11.8 Download the Source Code

11.9 What"s next

12 Dynamic languages support90

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Dynamic Languages Support

12.3 Scripting API

12.4 JavaScript on JVM

12.5 Groovy on JVM

12.6 Ruby on JVM

12.7 Python on JVM

12.8 Using Scripting API

12.9 Download Code

12.10What"s next

13 Java Compiler API96

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Java Compiler API

13.3 Annotation Processors

13.4 Element Scanners

13.5 Java Compiler Tree API

101

13.6 Download

102

13.7 What"s next

102

14 Java Annotation Processors103

14.1 Introduction

103

14.2 When to Use Annotation Processors

103

14.3 Annotation Processing Under the Hood

103

14.4 Writing Your Own Annotation Processor

104

14.5 Running Annotation Processors

107

14.6 Download the source code

108

14.7 What"s next

108

Advanced javavii15 Java Agents109

15.1 Introduction

109

15.2 Java Agent Basics

109

15.3 Java Agent and Instrumentation

110

15.4 Writing Your First Java Agent

110

15.5 Running Java Agents

112

15.6 Download the source code

113

15.7 What"s next

Without

limiting the rights under copyright reserved above no part of this publication may be reproduced stored or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the copyright owner

Advanced javaixPreface

Learning the basics of Java is easy. But really delving into the language and studying its more advanced concepts and nuances

is what will make you a great Java developer. The web is abundant with "soft", "cheap", "low end" Java tutorials, but what it is

missing is material to really take you to the next level.

This book is designed to help you make the most effective use of Java. It discusses advanced topics, including object creation,

concurrency, serialization, reflection and many more. It will guide you through your journey to Java mastery!

Advanced javaxAbout the Author

Andriy completed his Master Degree in Computer Science at Zhitomir Institute of Engineering and Technologies, Ukraine. For

the last fifteen years he has been working as the Consultant/Software Developer/Senior Software Developer/Team Lead for a

many successful projects including several huge software systems for customers from North America and Europe.

Through his career Andriy has gained a great experience in enterprise architecture, web development (ASP.NET, Java Server

Faces, Play Framework), software development practices (test-driven development, continious integration) and software plat-

forms (Sun JEE, Microsoft .NET), object-oriented analysis and design, development of the rich user interfaces (MFC, Swing,

Windows Forms/WPF), relational database management systems (MySQL, SQL Server, PostgreSQL, Oracle), NoSQL solutions

(MongoDB, Redis) and operating systems (Linux/Windows).

Andriy has a great experience in development of distributed (multi-tier) software systems, multi-threaded applications, desktop

applications, service-oriented architecture and rich Internet applications. Since 2006 he is actively working primarily with JEE /

JSE platforms.

As a professional he is always open to continuous learning and self-improvement to be more productive in the job he is really

passioned about.

Advanced java1 / 113Chapter 1

How to create and destroy objects

1.1

Intr oduction

Java programming language, originated in Sun Microsystems and released back in 1995, is one of the most widely used pro-

gramming languages in the world, according to

TIOBE Programming Community Inde x

. Java is a general-purpose programming

language. It is attractive to software developers primarily due to its powerful library and runtime, simple syntax, rich set of sup-

ported platforms (Write Once, Run Anywhere - WORA) and awesome community.

In this tutorial we are going to cover advanced Java concepts, assuming that our readers already have some basic knowledge of

the language. It is by no means a complete reference, rather a detailed guide to move your Java skills to the next level.

Along the course, there will be a lot of code snippets to look at. Where it makes sense, the same example will be presented using

Java 7 syntax as well as Java 8 one.

1.2

Instance Construction

Java is object-oriented language and as such the creation of new class instances (objects) is, probably, the most important concept

of it. Constructors are playing a central role in new class instance initialization and Java provides a couple of favors to define

them. 1.2.1

Implicit (Generated) Constructor

Java allows to define a class without any constructors but it does not mean the class will not have any. For example, let us

consider this class:packagecom .javacodegeeks.advanced.construction; public class

NoConstructor

This class has no constructor but Java compiler will generate one implicitly and the creation of new class instances will be

possible usingnewkeyword.finalNoConstructor noConstructorInstance = new NoConstructor (); 1.2.2

Constructor swithout Ar guments

The constructor without arguments (or no-arg constructor) is the simplest way to do Java compiler"s job explicitly.

Advanced java2 / 113packagecom .javacodegeeks.advanced.construction; public class

NoArgConstructor

public