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9/16/2013

1

ES 541

Contemporary

Environmental

Issues

Unit 4

Air pollution

Atmosphere as a Resource

yAtmospheric Composition {Nitrogen 78.08% {Oxygen 20.95% {Argon 0.93% {Carbon dioxide 0.04% yEcosystem services {Blocks UV radiation {Moderates the climate {Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle

Life-Air

Air? Not Ordinary Air!

It is Life-Air from the Skies!

(3 1 1 1

Air is so

important.

Pollution is

a serious issue.

Air is Expensive than Blood

Air is what we Breathe every Second, even during Sleep! Air is sucked into lungs every few seconds and the alveolar system of the lungs helps the oxygenation of blood in every drop. Heart pumps Blood and Blood carries O2 (by Hemoglobin) to every part/cell of the body to sustain Life inside. 2 2 2

THE RESULT OF EMISSION INTO THE

AIR OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AT

A RATE THAT EXCEEDS THE

CAPACITY OF NATURAL PROCESSES

IN THE ATMOSPHERE TO CONVERT,

G(326H7 25 GHI87( 7+(0"

What is air pollution

Factors that affect air pollution

yEmissions (traffic, industrial, domestic) yGeography (terrain) yWeather conditions (rain, winds, humidity) ySeason yTime of day yPopulation density yIndoor vs outdoor

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2

Types of air pollution

ƒAerosols

{Particulates solid phase

ÙDust

ÙAsh

ÙFumes

{Solid and liquid

ÙSmoke (from combustion)

ÙCoastal aerosols

{Liquid {Aggregate gases (sulfate, nitrate)

ƒ Gases

˜COx

˜SOx

˜NOx

˜PAH

Types and Sources of Air Pollution

yTwo categories {Primary Air Pollutant

ÙHarmful substance that is emitted directly

into the atmosphere {Secondary Air Pollutant

ÙHarmful substance formed in the atmosphere

when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

6L[ SULPMU\ RU ³ŃULPHULM´ MLU SROOXPMQPV

yCarbon monoxide (CO) yOzone (O3) yNitrogen dioxide (NO2) ySulfur oxides (SOx) yPM2.5 and PM10 yLead (Pb)

Major Air Pollutants

Air Pollution Around the World

yAir quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries yShenyang, China {Residents only see sunlight a few weeks each year yDeveloping countries have older cars {Still use leaded gasoline y5 worst cities in world {Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico;

Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and

Calcutta, India

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3

Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants

Long-range transport of air

pollutants (LRTAP) refers to the atmospheric transport of air pollutants within a moving air mass for a distance greater than 100 kilometres.

Types of air pollution

yIndividual pollutants yReducing pollution (SO2) {Acid rain (fog) {Corrosive, eroding yPhotochemical pollution {Aldehydes, electrophilic HCs {Oxidative, carcinogenic? yMixtures and complex patterns

Combustion pollutants

yVOCs yNOx yN-organics yHalo-organics yMetals yCO

Sources of combustion

yTobacco yPower plants yIncinerators yAutomobiles yIndustry

Diesel pollutants

yParticulate matter {C + PAHs + N-aromatics yGases {NOx, CO, SOx yVOCs {formaldehyde, acrolein, aldehydes yRespiratory inflammation yCytotoxicity to airway cells

Outdoor air pollution

Beijing

Delhi

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4

Outdoor air pollution

Mexico City

Santiago

Air Pollution - Side Effects

yAcid Rain - and therefore Water Pollution. yGlobal Warming 1 - due to Air Pollution. yOzone Layer Depletion - due to Air Pollution. yGlobal Warming 2 - due to Ozone Layer Depletion. yIncrease of Smog, Haze, Particulate, Dust, Toxic Brue. yGlobal Dimming - due to Air Pollution. yEcological Issues - too much Rain or no Rain - destruction of Farmers plans - Farmer suicides in some Countries -

Ethiopian famine, etc.

yEnvironmental Disorder - disturbs natural Human Life.

Side Effects of Air Pollution are many!

A few are mentioned below:

Present Need of the Hour

1. Arise 2. Awake

3. Attend 4. Act

Other Pollutions/Corruptions

yWater Pollution.ppt yFood Pollution.ppt ySound Pollution.ppt ySociety Pollution.ppt yPolitics Pollution.ppt yReservations Pollution.ppt yGovernment Pollution.ppt yLaw & Order Pollution.ppt

Strikes/Riots Pollution.ppt

Relationships Pollution.ppt

Cultures Pollution.ppt

Religions Pollution.ppt

Mind Pollution.ppt

Quality of Thought Pollution.ppt

Security Pollution.ppt

Health Pollution.ppt

Indoor pollutants

yNon-specific symptoms yHousehold vs work space ySick building syndrome (20% exposed) {Cigarette smoke, combustion products {Organic offgasing (glue, fabrics, furnishings) {Biological agents (infections, allergens) {Additional factors (stress, fatigue, diet, alcohol)

What is sick building syndrome ?

The feeling of illness among majority of occupants of a conditioned space is called ³6LŃN Building 6\QGURPH´.

A variety of illness symptoms reported by occupants in sick buildings are ± Headache, fatigue, irritation in eyes, nose and throat, shortness of breathe etc.

Causes :Inadequate ventilation, insufficient supply of outside air; poor mixing; fluctuations in temperature & humidity;

9/16/2013

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Indoor air quality

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term

referring to the air quality within and around buildings and structures

IAQ can be affected by microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), gases (including carbon monoxide, radon, volatile organic compounds), andparticulates

Indoor air pollution: Poor countries

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6

Control of Indoor Air Pollution

Basic approaches to control indoor air pollution include source control, source isolation, increased ventilation, dehumidification, and the use of filters. Possible sources of contamination are eliminated in a source-control strategy. Examples include banning smoking in public buildings.

Source-isolation strategy is used in situations where a source cannot be completely eliminated. For instance, copy machine areas, food service stations, and bathrooms are often separately vented outside buildings to avoid the recirculation of return air.

Main indoor pollutants and their sources

Main indoor air pollutant and their sources,continue

SourcesPollutant

Cigarette and water pipe smokingEnvironmental

tobacco smoke

Unburned kerosene, gas water

heaters, gas stoves, automobile exhaust, tobacco smoke

Carbon monoxide

Lead based paints, contaminated

soil, dust and drinking water Lead

Deteriorating, damaged, or

disturbed insulation, fireproofing, acoustical materials, and floor tiles

Asbestos

Kerosene heaters, un-vented gas stoves and heaters.

Environmental tobacco smoke

NO2

Furniture made with pressed wood products, urea-

formaldehyde foam insulation, environmental tobacco smoke, glues

Formaldehyde

Paint, paint stripper, solvent aerosol spraysVolatile organic compounds

Kerosene heaters, wood stoves, fireplaces,

environmental tobacco smoke

Respirable particles

Dust mite, Pet dander, droppings and body parts of cockroaches rodents and other pests

Biological pollutants

Building materials and well waterRadon

Main indoor air pollutant and their sources

9/16/2013

7

Particulate matter pollution

yProperties - varied Mixture of solid phase and absorbed materials (organic, inorganic and biological)

Carbonaceous core 40-60%, C 7%

ySources {Combustion - oil and coal

ÙIndustry

ÙAutomobiles

{Tobacco smoke {Biomass burning {Metal smelters

NAAQS:

PM10: 150ug/m3, 24h

50ug/m3, annual

PM2.5 15ug/m3, annual

65ug/m3, 24h

Particulates - features

yPhysical size {Large {Small ~10um {Fine ~2.5um yAerodynamic diameter (size equivalent of density=1) {Large - local irritation (>100um) {Inhalable (<100um) {Thoracic fraction (<20um)

ÙCoarse PM10 (<10um)

ÙFine PM2.5 (<2.5um)

ÙUltrafine (<0.1um)

yChemical reactivity yShape (fibers) and Water content respirable

Urban Particulates

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