ce contexte libéral, les compagnies aé-riennes de droit privé sont les plus aptes à offrir une parfaite interconnexion en s’affirmant sur un marché ouvert Le marché aérien mondial est malheureu-sement loin de correspondre à cet idéal La concurrence n’est pas régie par des règles universelles L’exercice des droits
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de faillite (banque Trust), soutien aux compagnies aé-riennes, restrictions sur les exportations de blé la liste est longue 28 décembre: Un Airbus A320-200 de la com-pagnie malaisienne AirAsia avec 162 personnes à bord disparaît du contrôle aérien une heure après son décol-lage de l'île de Java Il s'agit du troisième drame pour
vie par les compagnies aé-riennes, les acquéreurs sont apparemment de retour et soutiennent les prix Pour un studio au centre-ville, il faut compter selon les notaires entre 4180 et 6100 euros le mètre carré, alors qu'un 2 pièces trouvera preneur entre 3 510 et 4 860 euros Mais quand il s'agit de logements ayant une vue sur la Grande
Imaginons ce qui se passerait si des compagnies aé-riennes internationales comme Air France, American, Lufthansa ou United cessaient brusquement de desservir un pays dépourvu de transporteur aérien national et qui dépend d’elles comme lien avec le reste du monde La population et l’économie de ce pays en pâtiraient : les
Lundi 8 décembre 2014: Conférence Amphi PASTOR Autorité de Sûreté Nu-cléaire -Laurent DEPROIT COTE NT EBOLA: un virus qui fait parler L a peur du virus E BOLA contamine le personnel des compagnies aé-riennes Certains personnels naviguant D ’A IR F RANCE n’ont pas souhaité effectuer leur vol pour se rendre en
Minekus et al 2014 Food Funct 5, 1113-24 46 citations Hot paper (0 1 ) 014 Simulated digestion fluids The oral phase Always include an oral phase (± enzymes)
For example, a two-week strike during August 2014, concerning a dispute in salary and benefit negotiations, cost the company US$ 744,335 30 in revenue daily Further, the government is putting
actually justify the increased risks (Bergin et al , 2011; Drauz, 2014) Reportedly, some companies have already moved back production activities to their home country,
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Didier DUPONT
INRA Agrocampus Ouest ² Milk and Egg Science & Technology
Rennes FRANCE
A standardised static in vitro digestion
method suitable for food
An international consensus
2
Gut = interface between food and human body
Digestion releases food components that can have a beneficial or a deleterious effect on human health By increasing our knowledge on food digestion, we will increase our knowledge on the effect of food on human health
Scientific Context
Diet-related diseases ј
ª Prevent these pathologies rather than
cure them ----- USA ----- UK ----- FR ----- NL
Obesity
and the digestive process has been considered as a black box so far ) This community is scattered: many ongoing projects at the national level but no current research action on this topic in Europe and no network for exchanges ) There is no scientific international congress on food digestion where scientists could have exchanges ) There were no scientific journal dedicated to food digestion before the creation of " Food Digestion » and "Food & Function » (2010) This is the perfect time for developing a trans-European network to improve dissemination of critical findings, develop truly multidisciplinary collaborations and
COST IS THE BEST MECHANISM FOR THAT
) There is a dramatic lack of harmonization between the in vitro digestion models used throughout Europe and a real need of validation of these models ) During the last 10 y, ј in the number of publication on food digestion, associating food scientists, nutritionists and gut physiologists: a multidisciplinary new scientific community has been created Improving health properties of food by sharing our knowledge on the digestive process
COST Action FA1005
Dr. Didier DUPONT, Senior Scientist, INRA, France
June 2011 May 2015
5
Objectives
ͻGathering scientists from different disciplines (food science, our knowledge on food digestion ͻCompare the existing digestion models, harmonize the methodologies and propose guidelines for performing experiments ͻValidate in vitro models towards in vivo data (animal and/or human) ͻIdentify the beneficial/deleterious components that are released in the gut during food digestion ͻDetermine the effect of the matrix structure on the bioavailability of food nutrients and bioactive molecules 6
INFOGEST
Chair
Didier Dupont - France
Vice-chair
Alan Mackie - UK
Tor Lea
Norway
A. Bordoni
Italy
Evaluation of the health
effects WG3
Immunomodulatory properties
Regulation of appetite and satiety
Effect of BFC on human microbiota
I. Recio
Spain
In vitro, in vivo and in silico
models of mammalian gastrointestinal digestion WG2
A. Brodkorb
Ireland
Digestion models harmonization
Comparison in vitro / in vivo
Digestion products identification
BFC absorption /bioavailability
Dairy, Egg
Fruits & Vegetables
Meat, Cereals
www.cost-infogest.eu
Characterization of raw
materials and processed food matrices for optimized nutrient bioaccessibility WG1
F Capozzi
Italy
B. Murray
UK
BFC identification
Stability during processing
Food multi-scale characterization
Administrative
Manager
Nathalie
Le Marre
Riddett Inst
New Zealand
Canada
Laval Univ
Univ Guelph
Nofima
Ege Univ
Rothamsted Res
Centr Food Res Inst
Univ Belgrade
INRA
Wageningen UR
Inst Food Res
MTT
Univ Ghent
Univ Greifswald
Teagasc
Tech Univ Denmark
CSIC
AgroParisTech
Milan State Univ
Univ Bologna
Norwegian Univ Life Sci
Polish Academy of Sci
Leatherhead Food Res
340 scientists - 130 institutes 37 countries
VTT
Univ Eastern Finland
Max Rubner-Institut
Ben Gurion Univ
KTU Food Inst
Cent Rech Lippmann
Univ Alto Douro
Univ Novi Sad
Agroscope Posieux
Univ Leeds
Univ Reading
Univ Aarhus
Technion
ITQB Pom Med Univ
Argentina
Australia
Albania
Montenegro
CONICET
Univ Buenos Aires Deakin Univ
Univ Queensland
Czech Univ Prague
Inst Chem Technol
Univ Copenhagen Univ Oulu
Agrocampus Ouest
CNRS CTCPA IRD FiBL
Anabio
Univ College Cork
FEM CNR Univ Milan Univ Naples
Univ Roma
Lithuanian Univ HS
Plant Food Res
Gdansk Univ Tech
NIH Ricardo Jorge
Maize Res Inst
Univ Murcia
Univ Granada
Univ Sevilla
Univ Basque Country
Univ Valencia
Chalmers Univ Tech
Lund Univ
ACW
NIZO TNO
James Hutton Inst
Univ Birmingham Univ Manchester
Univ Glasgow Univ Greenwich Univ Nottingham
Univ Ljubljana
Univ Zagreb Riga Stradin Univ
NGO
Agric Univ Tirana
Aristote Univ Thessaloniki
USA Univ
California
Davis .08
Industry involvement
) 40 European companies are involved in INFOGEST storage, grinding and mixing in the stomach chewing and deglutition
Pepsin
Gastric lipase
blood mouth stomach duodenum jejunum ileum pylorus esophagus small intestine large intestine
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic lipase
gastric emptying intestinal transit
HCl Fasted pH 1.3-2.5
Nutrient
absorption
Kong and Singh, 2008
Gastric phase = a very complex but crucial step
for the whole digestion process
The digestive process
pH 6.5-6.8
ɲ-amylase
.010
In vitro
static models Human models
Models for simulating digestion
In vitro dynamic
models
Animal models
In silico
models
12 12 1 1 12 1whey caswpd aggr caswpdk V m k m) u u u u
.011
In vitro
In vivo
Main Reasons :
- Ethical - Technical - Financial
Static in vitro digestion models: pro's & con's
Advantages:
Standardisation of the experimental conditions
Good reproducibility and repeatability
Easy sampling, possibility to follow kinetics
Disadvantages:
You can't mimic the complexity of the GI tract
in a test tube!!!
Needs harmonization
12
In vitro gastro-intestinal digestion
Consensus INFOGEST protocol
.013
Consensus model
based on available physiological data (in vivo)
The Infogest consensus in vitro digestion model
OPEN ACCESS article
Calibration of the
digestive enzymes,quotesdbs_dbs11.pdfusesText_17
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