La République fédérale du Nigeria - Forum of Federations
Le Nigeria, qui tire non nom du fleuve Niger, se situe sur la côte méridionale de l’Afrique de l’Ouest Ses frontières bordent le Cameroun et le Tchad à l’Est, le Niger au Nord et le Bénin à l'Ouest Depuis son accession à l’indépendance en 1960, le Nigeria est doté
Simulation program for Niger in E-views Simulation program
niger append LE_G = LE_G_const*LE 29 Notes are included to specify the lines that need to be open or closed while running policy experiments 'NOTE: The following line will be closed when running non-neutral shocks to tariff rate (shock3a) and neutral shocks (Adjustment in Direct Taxation) to tariff rate (Shock3b) niger append DITXR = DITXR_const 30
ETUDE SUR L’ETAT DE LA LIBERTE D’EXPRESSION AU NIGER Pas de
Le Niger est situé au Sud du Sahara, en plein cœur de l’Afrique C’est un pays immense, deux fois plus grand que la France et la Suisse réunies, s’étendant sur 1 267 000 km2 dont les 2/3 sont désertiques Le Niger partage ses frontières avec l’Algérie et la Libye au Nord,
u m & E n v iron o le ornal of etrolem Ezenwaka et al,J Pet
o le u m & E n v iro n e n t a l B i o e c h o l o g y ISSN: 2157-7463 Ezenwaka et al ,J Pet Environ Biotechnol 2018, 9:3 D0I: 10 4172/2157-7463 1000377 Volume 9 Issue 3 1000377 J Pet Environ Biotechnol, an open access journal ISSN: 2157-7463 Prediction of Reservoir Performance of Moby Field, Niger Delta Basin using Integrated Facies and
wwwfaoorg
dune vision commune pour le renforce- ment de la performance, l'équité et la gouvernance des organisations de pro- ducteurs et productrices agricoles du Niger Cette rencontre d'échanges qui prend fin, ce jeudi 22 novembre, vise à per- E mettre à ia trentaine de participants ve- nus de toutes les régions du Niger, de
JOURNAL OFFICIEL D ELA R PUBLIQUE DU NIGER 05décembre 2011
République du Niger Fait à Niamey le09novembre 201 1 Le Président de la République Issoufou Mahamadou Décret 00 2011-560IPRNIPM du 09 novembre 201l, por-tant organisation et fonctionnement de la Cellule d'appui au partenariat public privé t'II République du Niger Le Président de laRépublique, Vu la Constitution du 25 novembre 20 1();
mathscavaillemlkfileswordpresscom
que 175 Francs CFA, Moussa s' installe au bord du Niger et la qui le mènerait jusqu'å rembouchure du fleuve, dans le Golfe de Guinée Cest ainsi qu'il attend son pere jusqu'à 17 h 21 min 21 s nest alors rheure de repartir, Le voyage terminera de nuit puisque le so ei se couchera S3 min 4S s plus tard
JOURNAL AFRICAIN DE CHIRURGIE DIGESTIVE
d’affirmer l’implication d’un DM dans le processus occlusif Le mécanisme était toujours une bride tendue entre le DM et la paroi abdominale (n=7) ou le mésentère (n=3)
APPENDIX N: Country Codes
DTA Manual, Appendix N: Country Codes 03/08/21 3
Introduction Générale
1 La malnutrition est le résultat direct d’un régime alimentaire inadéquat ou de mauvaises conditions de santé • VRAI: au niveau individuel, l’état nutritionnel, le regime alimentaire et l’état de santé sont étroitement liés 2 Un enfant souffrant de retard de croissance (trop petit pour son age) ne mange pas assez
[PDF] Le nitrate d’ammonium
[PDF] Le niveau d'énergie
[PDF] Le niveau de langue
[PDF] le niveau des élèves est-il en baisse
[PDF] Le niveau narratif et stylistique
[PDF] Le noir dans tous ses états !
[PDF] le nom des solides
[PDF] le nom du triglyceride
[PDF] le nom du verbe donner
[PDF] le nom du verbe partir
[PDF] le nom du verbe trouver
[PDF] Le nom et la formule chimique d'une solution
[PDF] le nom et le groupe nominal
[PDF] Le nom et ses expensions
1 1
Simulation of the Model presented in "A
Macroeconomic Framework
for Quantifying Growth and PovertyReduction Strategies in Niger "
A Simulation Program for Niger
in E-viewsOctober 2005
2STEPS OF THE SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR NIGER
1. Construction of the input file (Exogenous and endogenous
variables) a) Actual data, or b) Calibrated variables2. Calculation of parameters
a) Calibrated b) Taken from other studies or imposed c) Estimated3. Projection of exogenous variables
4. Calculation of residuals
5. Simulation program in E-views (Baseline and shocks)
6. Construction of output file
7. Construction of summary tables
3Plan for the Presentation
• Simulation program for Niger in E-views - Baseline - Policy experiments • Output files • Summary tables 4Simulation program for Niger
BASELINE
5Input File
("Niger-Data.xls") • Exogenous variables • Endogenous variablesEViews Simulation Program
("Niger-simulation.prg")Output File
("OUTPUT-NIGER.xls")Simulation Program Setup for Niger
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Summary Tables
("Niger-Output Table-BASELINE.xls")Step 4
6Required Programs and the
Files in the Package
Software
• E-Views Version 4 or higher • Microsoft Excel. 2 7NOTE: Copy the following files under
C:\Niger
•"Niger-simulation.prg" •"Niger-Data.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-BASELINE.xls" •"OUTPUT-NIGER.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-SHOCK1.xls" •"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 4.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-SHOCK2.xls" •"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 5.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-SHOCK3a.xls" •"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 6.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-SHOCK3b.xls" •"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 7.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-SHOCK3c.xls" •"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 8.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-BASELINE - table9.xls" •"OUTPUT-NIGER4.xls" •"Niger-Output Table-SHOCK4.xls" •"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 10.xls" 8 • Base Year = 2004 • Simulation between periods 2005 and 20159
Niger-simulation.prg
10CREATE A WORK FILE AND DEFINE THE
SAMPLE PERIOD
'Sample period 'NOTE: 1 to 17 corresponds to the years from 1999 to 2015create c:\Niger\Niger-simulation U 17 • Create a work file named "Niger-simulation" 11
READING EXOGENOUS VARIABLES
'Reading Exogenous Variables from "Niger-Data.xls" file read(ae4, t, s=EXO) C:\Niger\Niger-Data.xls AID$ CG DB ERERROR_OMM FP kappa kappa_edu kappa_hea kappa_inf
kappa_oth LAND LE_G n PMstar PXstar RD RGstar RPstar tm UTR$ WG tmnew 12READING ENDOGENOUS VARIABLES
'Reading Endogenous Variables from "Niger-Data.xls" file read(ae4, t, s=ENDO) C:\Niger\Niger-Data.xls AID CP DdebtG delta_LE_N Delta_NFA DITAX DITXR DOM FdebtG FdebtPFdebtTot FG GBAL GTOT IG IGedu IGhea IGinf IGoth
INDTAX INDTXR IP J KGedu KGhea KGinf KGoth KP LE
LE_P LR M NGDP PD PM POP PQ PQT PX PY Q Qd SP T
TAX X Y Ydisp YTOT Z KGZ
3 13SPECIFYING PARAMETERS WHICH ARE NOT CALIBRATED
' GIVEN PARAMETER VALUES 'Elasticities of Substitution and Elasticities of Transformation scalar sigma_DE = 0.3 'elasticity of transformation between exports and domestic sales scalar sigma_J = 0.3 'elasticity of substitution between T and KP scalar sigma_T = 0.3 'elasticity of substitution between LEP and Kghea/POPqH scalar sigma_Y = 0.4 'elasticity of substitution between J and KGinf scalar sigma_E = 0.3 'elasticity of substitution between LR-1 and KGedu scalar sigma_DM = 0.7 'elasticity of transformation between imports and demand for domestic goods scalar sigma_Z = 0.2 'elasticity of elasticity of substitution between LE_G and KGZ scalar sigma_KGZ = 0.3 'elasticity of elasticity of substitution between KGinf and KGedu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14Given shift and share parameters
'Given Shift Parameters scalar AJ = 1 scalar AT = 1 scalar AZ = 1 scalar AKGZ = 1 'Given Share Parameters scalar beta_Z = 0.5 scalar beta_E = 0.3 scalar beta_T = 0.85 scalar beta_J = 0.6 scalar beta_Y = 0.85 scalar beta_DM = 0.75 scalar beta_DE = 0.15 2 3 7 8 7 3 254 6 1 15
Depreciation rates and parameters
capturing congestion effect 'Depreciation Rate scalar delta_h = 0.035 ' Public Capital scalar delta_P= 0.06 'Private Capital 'Parameters capturing congestion effects scalar theta_H = 0.4 scalar theta_I = 0.3 scalar theta_KGE = 0.9 scalar theta_KGI = 0.9 1 1 1 1 1 1 16Saving rate and efficiency
parameter 'Saving Rate scalar s = 0.1Public Investment efficiency parameter
scalar alpha_h = 1 ' in case of inefficiency alpha_h = 0.5 1 1 17CALIBRATED PARAMETERS
WITHIN THE MODEL
18 Substitution and transformation parameters are calibrated using the elasticity measures 'Substitution and Transformation Parameters scalar rho_DE = 1+(1/sigma_DE) scalar rho_J = (1/sigma_J)-1 scalar rho_T = (1/sigma_T)-1 scalar rho_Y = (1/sigma_Y)-1 scalar rho_E = (1/sigma_E)-1 scalar rho_DM = (1/sigma_DM)-1 scalar rho_Z = (1/sigma_Z)-1 scalar rho_KGZ = (1/sigma_KGZ)-1 4 19 'NOTE: Variables that are used in calibrating parameters must be 'defined as series series Y series J series KGinf series delta_LE_N series LR series Z series DOM series X series M series KGedu 20Other calibrated parameters
'Calibration of the Shift Parameter in Y equationscalar AY = Y(5)/((beta_Y*J(5)^(-rho_Y) + (1 -beta_Y)*(KGinf(4)/(Y(4)^theta_I))^(-rho_Y))^(-(1/rho_Y)))
'Calibration of Parameters in LE equation scalar AE = (delta_LE_N(5))/((beta_E*(LR(4)^(-rho_E)) + (1 - beta_E)*(Z(5))^(-rho_E))^(-(1/rho_E))) 'Calibration of Parameters in X/DOM equation scalar ADE = Y(5)/(beta_DE*X(5)^rho_DE + (1 - beta_DE)*DOM(5)^rho_DE)^(1/rho_DE) 'Calibration of Parameters in M/DOM equation scalar ADM = Qd(5)/((beta_DM*DOM(5)^(-rho_DM) + (1 - beta_DM)*M(5)^(-rho_DM))^(-(1/rho_DM))) 1 1 1 1 21Other calibrated parameters
'Share parameter of KZ equation scalar beta_KGZ = KGinf(6)/(KGinf(6)+KGedu(6)) 1 22Partial adjustment parameters
' PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT PARAMETERS scalar lambdaY = 0.4 scalar lambdaM = 0.9 scalar lambdaDOM = 0.2 scalar lambdaPD = 0.4 23Shares from actual data
' PARAMETERS USED WHILE PROJECTING SOME EXOGENOUS ' VARIABLES WITHIN THE MODEL scalar CG_const = 0.155815985 ' = CG/NGDP in 2004scalar CGnomain = CG_const -2.1*(delta_h*(KGinf(5)+KGedu(5)+KGhea(5)+KGoth(5))*PQT(6)/NGDP(6)) 'government spending on other good and services (excluding maintenance expenditure)
scalar AID_const = 0.1067 ' = AID/NGDP in 2003 (it is assumed to be the same in 2004) scalar LE_G_const = 0.018408255 ' = LE_G/LE in 2003 (it is assumed to be the samein 2004) scalar DITXR_const = 0.019826305 ' direct tax rate in 2004 scalar FPGDP_const = 0.004884315 ' share of FP in NGDP in 2004 scalar ERRORGDP_const = 0.020363732 ' share of ERROR in NGDP in 2004 24Residuals
' RESIDUALS EQUATING ACTUAL VALUES OF SOME ENDOGENOUS ' VARIABLES TO THEIR ESTIMATED VALUES '2004 values scalar IG_RES = 55952191283 'tax coef is 0.64, aid/gdp^2 coef is -3.26 scalar INDTXR_RES =0.005241979 scalar AID_RES = -225407778.5 scalar IP_REGRES = 110380533916 ' coef of KGinf is 0.15 scalar CP_RES = -54383946873 scalar NGDP_RES = -98585383479 5 25Specifying the model
' MODEL smpl 1 17 model niger 26Enter equations
'EQUATIONS ' ----------- Production and Capital ------------------------- niger.append T = (AT*(beta_T*(LE_P^(-rho_T)) + (1 - (1/rho_T))) 1 27•Note:Remember that the number of equations in the program must be equal to the number of endogenous variables plus the number of exogenous variables projected within the simulation program. 28
Notes are included for the exogenous
variables projected within the model 'NOTE: The following exogenous variable is projected within the model. niger.append LE_G = LE_G_const*LE 29Notes are included to specify the lines
that need to be open or closed while running policy experiments 'NOTE: The following line will be closed when running non-neutral shocks to tariff rate (shock3a) and neutral shocks (Adjustment inDirect Taxation) to tariff rate (Shock3b)
niger.append DITXR = DITXR_const 30Solving the model
'SOLVING THE MODEL niger.append @trace AID CG CP PQ DdebtG DOM ERFdebtG FdebtP FdebtTot GBAL GTOT IG IGedu
IGhea IGinf IP J KGedu KGhea KGinf KP LE LR M
PD PM POP PX PY Qd s SP T TAX TXR X Ydisp Ys
statusline iteration number : !IDX smpl 7 17 solve(m=100000, c=.001) niger 6 31Exporting exogenous variables and simulated endogenous variables ' WRITTING THE OUTPUT smpl 3 17 'baseline'
write(t=xls,b4,t) C:\Niger\output-niger.xls AID_0 CG_0 CP_0 PQ_0 DdebtG_0 DOM_0 ER FdebtG_0 FdebtP_0 FdebtTot_0 GBAL_0 GTOT_0 IG_0 IGedu_0 IGhea_0 IGinf_0 IP_0 J_0 KGedu_0 KGhea_0 KGinf_0 KP_0 LE_0 LR_0 M_0 PD_0 PM_0 POP_0 PX_0 PY_0 Qd_0 Q SP_0 T_0 TAX_0 X_0 Ydisp_0 Y_0 kappa_edu kappa_hea kappa_inf DB_0 FG_0 FP LAND n PMstar PXstar RD RGstar RPstar tm UTR$ Delta_NFA_0 ERROR_OMM_0 NGDP_0 KGoth_0 LE_P_0 LE_G_0 DITXR_0 INDTXR_0 YTOT_0 kappa_oth WG_0 IGoth_0 DITAX_0 INDTAX_0 PQT_0 Z_0 KGZ_0
32NOTE:Simulated variables are named
with _0. 33RUNNING THE PROGRAM
Two ways of running the program
•1.Whenever the program is opened, it will run automatically. •2.When the program's already opened, click on "run" in Eviews to run the program. 34When the program runs ...
•1.The work file will be created •2.Input files will be imported to this work file •3.Model will be solved if there is no error and the program converges •4.The output file will be created 35Niger-simulation Workfile
36In the Niger-simulation workfile ...
• Simulated and imported variables will be listed • Parameters will be listed • "Niger" model will be listed 7 37Examples ...
Actual data for X
Simulated data for X
"Niger" model 38Parameter lambday
39When click on "Niger" model ...
40In the "model", you can view ...
• List of equations • List of variables • Which variables are exogenous, which variables are endogenous (Notethat exogenous variables projected within the program will be specified as endogenous variables in the program) • You can also change the "solve" options if necessary 41Variables will be exported to
"Output-Niger.xls" file 42Summary Table (BASELINE)
• "Niger-Output Table-BASELINE.xls" • It is linked to "Output-Niger.xls". It can be updated as "Output-Niger.xls" changes. 8 43Summary Table Niger-Output
Table-BASELINE.xls
44Policy Experiments
(SHOCKS)Fully Efficient Public Investment
453 sets of shocks
•Shock 1:aid shock •Shock 2:change in the composition of public investment 46•Shock 3:Change in the tariff rate -Shock 3a:Non-Neutral case (no change in direct and indirect tax rates) -Shock 3b:Neutral case (change in the direct tax rate in a way to compensate the loss in tax revenue due to a lower tariff rate) -Shock 3c:Neutral case (change in the indirect tax rate in a way to compensate the loss in tax revenue due to a lower tariff rate) 47
•NOTE:While running these policy experiments, the simulation program needs to be changed. - Open the lines which are relevant to the policy experiment you want to run - Close the lines which are not used while running the shocks 48
SHOCK 1
9 49AID SHOCK (SHOCK 1)
•The share of aid in percent of NGDP will be 15.67% instead of 10.67%. 50AID SHOCK (SHOCK 1)
•Related section in the program ' SHOCKS 'Shock to AID 'NOTE: Increase the share of Aid in NGDP by 5% 'Open the following line when running the model with shock to AID 'line1shock1'scalar AID_const = 0.1067 + 0.05 51AID SHOCK (SHOCK 1)
•In the "writing output" section, close the line for "baseline", and open the one for "Shock 1"'line2shock1'write(t=xls,b4,t) C:\Niger\output-niger-shock1.xls AID_0 CG_0 CP_0 PQ_0 DdebtG_0 DOM_0 ER FdebtG_0 FdebtP_0 FdebtTot_0 GBAL_0 GTOT_0 IG_0 IGedu_0 IGhea_0 IGinf_0 IP_0 J_0 KGedu_0 KGhea_0 KGinf_0 KP_0 LE_0 LR_0 M_0 PD_0 PM_0 POP_0 PX_0 PY_0 Qd_0 Q SP_0 T_0 TAX_0 X_0 Ydisp_0 Y_0 kappa_edu kappa_hea kappa_inf DB_0 FG_0 FP LAND n PMstar PXstar RD RGstar RPstar tm UTR$ Delta_NFA_0 ERROR_OMM_0 NGDP_0 KGoth_0 LE_P_0 LE_G_0 DITXR_0 INDTXR_0 YTOT_0 kappa_oth WG_0 IGoth_0 DITAX_0 INDTAX_0 PQT_0 Z_0 KGZ_0
52Shock 1 Output file -"OUTPUT-
NIGER-SHOCK1.xls"
53Shock 1 Summary Table - "Niger-Output Table-
SHOCK1.xls"
• "Niger-Output Table-SHOCK1.xls" - linked to "OUTPUT-NIGER-SHOCK1.xls" 54Shock 1 - Deviation From The
Baseline
"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 4.xls" •Percentage deviation = 100*(Shock 1 value - Baseline value) / Baseline value •Absolute deviation = (Shock 1 value - Baseline value) 10 55"Niger-output-Aid-Shock-Table 4.xls" 56
•NOTE:Do not forget to close the lines in the code, which are opened while running shocks. 57