[PDF] AUTHOR Light(s) and Darkness(es): Looking Back, Looking Forward

AUTHOR Light(s) and Darkness(es): Looking Back, Looking Forward

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Journa? of Energy History

Revue d'histoire de ?'énergie

ISSN 2649?3055

Light(s) and Darkness(es): Looking

Back, Looking Forward

Abstract

In this specia? issue, we argue that ?ight(s) and darkness(es) shou?d be understood in their mu?tip?icity, and that they constitute two aspects of the same phenomenon. They shou?d, therefore, be studied in re?ation to each other. The comp?ex dynamics of ?ight and dark are more integra? to the history of art than other ?e?ds, thus oering mode?s for a re?ationa? approach to empirica? studies beyond this discip?ine. Drawing on this work, this specia? issue aims to cha??enge reductionist frameworks that focus on ?ight a?one, without reference to darkness. It exp?ores some of the nuances of ?ight/darkness created by cand?e, kerosene, oi?, gas, and e?ectricity, teasing out the diverse, sometimes contradictory meanings and experiences of ?ight(s) and darkness(es) in the past. It thus aims to study the juxta- position of ?ight and dark, p?acing this seeming contrast in dia?ogue with broader conversations in the history of energy, environmenta? history, the history of science and techno?ogy, as we?? as the history of representations.

Acknow?edgments

We wou?d ?ike to thank the authors, the members of the journa?'s editoria? board (especia??y A?ain Be?tran, Léonard Laborie, and Cé?ine Berrier-Lucas), and the ano- nymous reviewers for their support of this specia? issue.

P?an of the artic?e

I ntroduction R ecent historiographica? renewa?: From ?ight to darkness R econsidering ?ight(s) and darkness(es) Ligh ts(s) and darkness(es): Diverse experiences R e?ationa? studies of ?ight(s)/darkness(es)

Avenues for future research

AUTHOR

Stéphanie Le Ga??ic

Associate Professor,

Université Bordeaux-

Montaigne

stephanie.?ega??ic@orange.fr

Sara B. Pritchard

Associate Professor,

Department of Science &

Techno?ogy Studies, Corne??

University

sbp65@corne??.edu

Twitter: @SaraBPritchard

POST DATE

01/07/2019

ISSUE NUMBER

JEHRHE #2

SECTION

Specia? issue

THEME OF THE SPECIAL ISSUE

Light(s) and darkness(es):

Shifting historica? re?ations

KEYWORDS

Gas, Light, Po??ution,

E?ectricity

TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Stéphanie Le Ga??ic, Sara B.

Pritchard, “Light(s) and

darkness(es): Looking back, ?ooking forward", Journa? of

Energy History/Revue

d'Histoire de ?'Énergie [On?ine], n°2, pub?ished 01

Ju?y 2019, consu?ted XXX,

URL: energyhistory.eu/en/

node/137. LE GALLIC, PRITCHARD ? LIGHTS AND DARKNESSES: LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD JEHRHE #2 SPECIAL ISSUE LIGHTS AND DARKNESSES: SHIFTING HISTORICAL RELATIONS P.

INTRODUCTION

Today more than ever, ?ight is the subject of con- siderab?e contemporary debate. On the one hand, access to articia? ?ight is increasing?y assumed to be a human right. For many, its absence or irregu?arity—often ca??ed “?ighting poverty"—is no ?onger acceptab?e. For instance, protests in

May in Dhaka, Bang?adesh demanded water,

gas, and e?ectricity, 1 whi?e more recent?y, a major b?ackout struck Venezue?a in March , depriv- ing its inhabitants of ?ight, water, and transpor- tation, and subsequent?y cripp?ing much of the country. On the other hand, some have begun to denounce excess ?ight in urbanized and indus- tria?ized territories, or argue for ?imiting ?ight to conserve energy. Poor?y designed or superu- ous ?ight is now suspected of not just wasting energy and contributing to g?oba? warming, but a?so of “po??uting" 2 the night and disrupting the bio?ogica? rhythms of both humans and non-hu mans. The growing popu?arity of “Earth Hour" reects such new critiques of articia? ?ight.

Founded in Sydney, Austra?ia in to raise

awareness about c?imate change, this grassroots movement encourages peop?e to turn o their ?ights between : and : p.m. on the ?ast

Saturday of March. By reducing articia? ?ight

and restoring night c?oser to ce?estia??y-?it con- ditions—even for just a brief period—this ini- tiative reminds us that ?ight and darkness have comp?ex re?ations, evo?ve over time and with cu?tura? assumptions, and are c?ose?y connected to the history of energy. 1 Fondation EDF (ed.), Mondes é?ectriques (Issy-?es-

Mou?ineaux: Beaux Arts-TTM éditions, ), .

2 Not surprising?y, there is debate over termino?ogy here. One can consider the differences between “nui sance" and “po??ution" both historica??y and po?itica??y. On the framing of the prob?em, see Samue? Cha??éat, Dany Laposto??e, and Rémi Bénos, “Consider the Darkness: From an Environmenta? and Sociotechnica? Controversy to

Innovation in Urban Lighting,"

Articu?o-Journa? of Urban

Research

, vo?. , (on?ine since

November ).

Ur?:http://articu?o.revues.org/

(accessed //); and more genera??y the work of the RENOIR Co??ectif de recherche. See a?so Sara B. Pritchard, Erin McLaugh?in, and Miche??e Shin, “Describing Articia? Light at Night: Keywords in Light Po??ution Literature and Why They Matter,"

Lighting

Research & Techno?ogy

, under review.

Light(s) and darkness(es) are a?so expanding

areas of scho?arship in the humanities and socia? sciences, with important new work on the his- tory of night. Pioneering research inc?udes that of Anne Cauque?in, 3

Wo?fgang Schive?busch,

4 and

A. Roger Ekirch,

5 a?? of whom have made sig- nicant contributions by exp?oring nocturna? cu?tures in Western Europe and North America since the th

C., and by demonstrating how

the night—former?y a time genera??y associated with rest—was gradua??y appropriated. European researchers 6 have a?so examined night before the spread of pub?ic ?ighting, in an eort to show that the boundaries between day and night were not c?ear-cut, and that the division of nocturna? activities and ro?es was simi?ar?y comp?ex and sometimes ambiguous. 7

In this specia? issue, we bui?d on and extend

this avenue of research by arguing that ?ight(s) and darkness(es) shou?d be understood in their mu?tip?icity, and that they constitute two aspects of the same phenomenon. They shou?d, therefore, be studied in re?ation to each other.

The comp?ex dynamics of ?ight and dark are

more integra? to the history of art than other fie?ds, thus offering mode?s for a re?ationa? approach to empirica? studies beyond this discip?ine. Drawing on this work, this specia? issue ofJEHRHE aims to cha??enge reductionist frameworks that focus on ?ight a?one, without 3 Anne Cauque?in, La Vi??e ?a nuit (Paris: Presses univer- sitaires de France, ). 4

Wo?fgang Schive?busch, Disenchanted Night: The

Industria?ization of Light in the Nineteenth Century, trans.

Ange?a Davies

(Berke?ey: University of Ca?ifornia Press, ); Wo?fgang Schive?busch, La Nuit désenchantée (Paris:

Ga??imard, ).

5 A. Roger Ekirch, At Day's C?ose: Night in Times Past (New York: Norton, ). 6 E?isabeth Crouzet-Pavan, “Recherches sur ?a nuit véni- tienne à ?a n du Moyen Âge,"

Journa? of Medieva? History

n°, , -; Mario Sbricco?i (dir.),

La Notte. Ordine,

sicurezza e discip?inamento in étà moderna (F?orence: Ponte a??e Grazie, ); Jean Verdon, Night in the Midd?e Ages (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, ). 7 Ezequie? Borgognoni, “E? dinamismo en ?a vida noc- turna en e? munda urbano caste??ano a nes de ?a edad media," Misce?ànea Medieva? Murciena, vo?. , , -. For ear?ier time periods, see a?so Mario Dowd and Robert Hensey, The Archeo?ogy of Darkness (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1 32
LE GALLIC, PRITCHARD ? LIGHTS AND DARKNESSES: LOOKING BACK, LOOKING FORWARD JEHRHE #2 SPECIAL ISSUE LIGHTS AND DARKNESSES: SHIFTING HISTORICAL RELATIONS P. reference to darkness. It exp?ores some of the nuances of ?ight/darkness created by cand?e, kerosene, oi?, gas, and e?ectricity, teasing out the diverse, sometimes contradictory meanings and experiences of ?ight(s) and darkness(es) in the past. It thus aims to study the juxtaposition of ?ight and dark, p?acing this seeming contrast in dia?ogue with broader conversations in the history of energy, environmenta? history, the history of science and techno?ogy, as we?? as the history of representations. In our initia? ca?? for papers, we posed four main questions: - How are ?ight and darkness in tension with one another, juxtaposed, and/or concomitant? Arequotesdbs_dbs5.pdfusesText_10