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Middle School Mathematics Classrooms Practice Based on 5E
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International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST) affiliated with International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES): www.istes.org www.ijemst.net
Middle School Mathematics Classrooms
Practice Based on 5E Instructional Model
Serife Turan
Texas Tech University, United States
Shirley M. Matteson
Texas Tech University, United States
To cite this article:
Turan, S., & Matteson, S. M. (2021). Middle school mathematics classrooms practice based on 5E instructional model. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST), 9(1), 22-39. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.1041The International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST) is a peer-
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International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology2021, Vol. 9, No. 1, 22-39 https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.1041
22Middle School Mathematics Classrooms Practice Based on 5E Instructional Model
Serife Turan, Shirley M. Matteson
Article Info Abstract
Article History
Received:
21 April 2020
Accepted:
23 November 2020
The 5E instructional model is known for increasing student engagement and participation in the learning process. While viewing the video recorded lessons of middle school mathematics teachers, the researchers noticed teachers had a difficult time implementing the 5E model with fidelity. This case study explored the extent to which mathematics teachers used the 5E instructional model in their classrooms through analyzing video recorded lessons. The findings illustrate that the challenges of the teacher varied. They had difficulty finding activities related to the phases and moving away from a teacher-centered approach to a student- centered approach were identified as challenges of the teachers. The findings of the 5E model with fidelity. Also, the researchers elaborate on what phases need to be addressed specifically when teachers are provided professional development regarding lesson instruction.Keywords
Implementing
5E instructional model
Math teacher
Lesson practice
Case study
Introduction
An instructional model is the specific instructional plans, which are designed according to the concerned
learnings theories. It provides a comprehensive blueprint for curriculum, instructional materials, lesson plans,
teacher-student roles, supports aids, and so forth. Additionally, the instructional model serves as a blueprint for
teaching because it allows the teacher to be structured with an organized flow from the beginning to the end of
the lesson. In fact, teacher effectiveness starts with the teache successfully (Marshall & Smart, 2013).The 5E instructional model is one of the developed instructional practices based on constructivism. The
Biological Science Curriculum Study (BSCS) team, led by Rodger Bybee, augmented the learning cycle model
of Atkins and Karplus (1962), which had three stages: exploration, invention, and discovery. In the modified
model, the 5Es represent the five phases of the lesson model: engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration,
and evaluation (Bybee et al., 2006). The 5E learning cycle calls for the teacher to complete the following
sequence of activities: introduce the lesson by engaging students with a new concept, have students explore an
International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology (IJEMST) 23idea or skill, explain the result of the targeted concept, elaborate each idea or skill through additional practice,
and finally evaluate their progress in a new setting throughout the lesson. -analysis of 43 studies showed that research on the effectiveness of the 5Einstructional model has been conducted in a variety of disciplines and teaching contexts from elementary school
through college level. However, the focus of the majority of existing literature has been on investigating the use
of the 5E learning model in teaching science (e.g., Lawson, 2001) or technology (Toraman & Denmir, 2016).
However, empirical studies suggest that the 5E instructional model is also effective for teaching mathematics
(e.g., Bybee et al., 2006; Walia, 2012).Furthermore, the 5E instructional model was introduced in 1980, but the application of the learning cycle in
classroom instruction continues to be a challenging task for teachers at all levels (e.g., Yildiz & Kocak Usluel,
2016). For example, Yildiz and Kocak Usluel (2016) and Biber et al. (2015) examined how the 5E learning
cycle was implemented and effectively integrated into a mathematics lesson. Both studies concluded that the
teachers struggled with the cycles in the phases of engagement, explanation, and evaluation. The scarce number
have found using the 5E model in their daily practice to be a challenge. To address this gap in the literature, this
study sought to examine how mathematics teachers use the 5E instructional model in their daily practices.
Theoretical Framework
The 5E model was derived from the philosophical lineage of Johann Friedrich Herbart and John Dewey. The
main idea behind constructivism is that individuals must be provided opportunities to construct their own
knowledge and understanding (Herbart, 1901). Therefore, the learning environment needs to be designed as
learner-centered, one in which students are afforded opportunities to actively engage in the learning process
(Dewey, 1971).Learner-centered is crucial to constructivism because teaching is not just transmitting knowledge from a
engagement inassembling, extending, restoring, interpretingknowledge out of the raw materials of experience and provided
-centered environment with the 5E instructionalmodel, teacher and student roles are no longer traditional. In other words, the teacher allows students to control
their own learning and construct new knowledge based on their prior knowledge and experiences (Brooks &
Brooks, 1999).
While teachers often believe they have created a learner-centered environment in the classroom, often this is not
the case. Teachers often retain control of critical aspects of the lesson. Since the 5E instructional model has
distinct elements, this qualitative case study answered the following research question: To what degree do
teachers use the 5E instructional model in their math classrooms?Turan & Matteson
24Relevant Literature
In examining the relevant literature, we honed in on two distinct components. First, we focused on the historical
background of the development of the 5E lesson model. Then we examined the pertinent literature in which the
5E model has been used in mathematics settings. While there are numerous studies of the 5E model with a
science focus, there are significantly fewer studies involving mathematics settings. In the early 1960s, Robert
Karplus incorporated Jean Piaget's cognitive development processes of assimilation, accommodation, and
equilibration into a learning cycle (Atkin & Karplus, 1962). Karplus believed that children build, or construct,
their own internal mental schemas for knowing science as they experience the world (Fuller, 2003). Atkin and
Karplus (1962) , and their learning cycles
consist of three distinct phases: exploration, invention, and discovery. Karplus and colleagues used these
principles in developing K-6 science curriculum (Fuller, 2003).Discovery Learning Cycle
According to Atkin and Karplus (1962), in the first phase, exploration, students learn through their own actions
in a new situation, wherein they explore new material and new topics with minimal guidance. In the second
phase, invention, students perpetuate their learning through studying (defining) the new terms, by discovering
patterns during the exploration. During the third phase, discovery, students extend the range of applicability of
the new concept; thus, they apply the new terms or thinking to novel situations (problems). The effectiveness of
the Atkin and Karplus learning cycle has been studied extensively. For example, Lawson (1995) reviewed more
than 50 studies focused on the Atkin and Karplus learning cycle and found that the use of this cycle has positive
he effects of the learning cycle on thefollowing areas: enhancing mastery of the subject matter, developing scientific reasoning, and increasing
interest in and positive attitudes toward science.After Jurascheck (1983) argued that the Atkin and Karplus learning cycle could also make a contribution to
math education, researchers applied the learning cycle to math instruction and found that student understanding
and achievement in mathematics was increased (e.g., Francis et al., 1991; Stephen, 1984). Thus, researchers
concluded that the guided discovery learning cycle can be used to design effective science and math instruction.
The Atkin and Karplus learning cycle is a very flexible model for instruction. For this reason, Bybee and his
BSCS colleagues (2006) decided to modify the cycle further by adding more stages. The 5E instructional model
retains the three main stages of the guided discovery learning cycle but two more stages were added. The three
original stages of the guided discovery learning cycleexploration, invention, and discoverycorrespond to
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