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Late 18thcenturyto circa1900(includingmarks onBritannia metal, iron, steel,copperalloysandsilver-platedgoods) .,¥t..
EILEENWOODHEAD
EnvironnementCanada
Servicedespares
EnvironmentCanada
ParksService
TRADEMARKS
ON
BASE-METALTABLEWARE
~RIFFIN tw
TRADEMARKS
ON
BASE-METALTABLEWARE
Late 18thcenturyto circa1900(includingmarksonBritannia metal,
EILEENWOODHEAD
Studies inArchaeology,ArchitectureandHistory
NationalHistoricSites
Parks Service
EnvironmentCanada
AvailableinCanadathroughauthorizedbookstore agentsandotherbookstores,orby mail
Ottawa,Ontario,CanadaKIAOS9.
Publishedundertheauthority
oftheMinisterof theEnvironment,
Ottawa,1991
Theopinionsexpressedin thisreportarethoseof theauthorand notnecessarilythoseof
EnvironmentCanada.
EditingandLayout:SheilaAscroft
DesktopProduction:SuzanneRochette
CoverDesign:Rod Won
Translation:Department
oftheSecretaryofState Parks publishestheresultsof itsresearchinarchaeology,architecture,andhistory.Alist vironmentCanada,1600LiverpoolCourt,Ottawa,OntarioK1A OH3.
CanadianCataloguinginPublicationData
EileenWoodhead
Trademarkonbase-metaltableware:late 18thcenturytocirca1900(includingmarkson
IncludesanabstractinFrench
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN0-660-13629-5
DSS cat. no.R61-2/9-50E
1. lectorsandcollecting-Canada.4. Artmetal-work-Collectorsandcollecting- Ca nada.I. Title:Trademarksonbase-metaltablewarefrom thelate18thcenturyto theendofthe
19thcentury.IV.Series.
WII WIll WIll WIll WIll WIll wit filii WIll W!I VII WIll filii filii till "'"will will wI
TABLEOFCONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONv
AVANT·PROPOSv
HOWTOUSETHISGUIDE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...ix MODED'UTILISATIONDECEGUIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...ix
REFERENCESxi
REFERENCESxi
INDEXTONUMBERSUSEDINTRADEMARKS... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...289 INDEXTOSYMBOLSNOTLISTEDELSEWHERE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...329
Service,EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa.
Division,ParksService,EnvironmentCanada, Ottawa.
III 'fill 'filii WII WIll wII WIll WIll wII filii filii filii
INTRODUCTION
OvertbepastdecadetbeMetalUnitof tbeMaterial
bookis aselectionofmarksonfilethatrelate primarilytotablewareitems,from the late 18tb centuryto about1900.Thesemarkswere used on tablewareandotbersmallbardwaregoodsmade in theUnitedStates.TheParksfile basprovento be usefultoresearcbersandarcbaeologistsfor identifyingtbeorigin andtbe daterangeof tablewareandrelatedmetalartifactsfrom avariety ofarchaeologicalsites.
Tbemanufacture
ofbasemetalsbasneverhad the continuous controltbathasbeenappliedtoprecious
Tbevariety
ofmetalsusedfortablewareproducts andmanufacturingmetbods.
Tbebasemetalsused in tbemanufactureof
andsteel,tin alloys(includingpewter),andcopper alloyssucb as tbebrassesandnickel-silver.Tin and silverwere used asplatingmaterials.Sbeffieldand
Birmingbamwereamongthelargemetal
manufacturingcentresinEnglandtbat badlocal registries ofmarkskeptbytradeorganizations:tbe
Cutlers'CompanyofSbeffieldor theWorsbipful
Company
ofPewterers.Thesecompendiumsonly includemarksused bymanufacturers.Markswere alsoappliedtometalgoodsbywbolesalersor fac tors, andretailers.In someinstancesthere would bavebeen moretban onemanufacturer,as in tbe caseof manyknivesinwhichthebladeswere made by onemanufacturer,tbebandIesbyanotherand yet v
AVANT-PROPOS
Au sein de laDirectiondesrecbercbesarcheo
metalde laSectiondesrecherchessurlaculture pillessur lesartefactsenmetal.Le presentouvrage traite decertainsde cespoinconsretrouvesessentiel lementsur lavaisselle,entrela fin du xvnrsiecleet
1900environ.Cespoinconsont
ereutilisessur la vaisselleet autrespetitsarticlesdequincaillerie fabriquesenmetauxnonprecieuxenGrande
Bretagne,enAllemagne,enFranceet auxEtats
Unis. Cedossierapermisauxcbercbeursetarcheo
I'origineet laperiodedefabricationde lavaisselleet archeologiques.
Lafabricationd'objetsenmetauxnonprecieuxn' a
le cas duplacage d'argent.Vu ladiversitedes metauxutilisespourlafabricationde lavaisselle, cbacunepossedantses propresmethodesdefabri cationet satecbnologie.
Lesmetauxnonprecieuxquientraientdansla
metauxferreux,le fer et I'acier,lesalliagesde fer blanc(ycompris l'etain)et lesalliagesdecuivre, tels lelaitonet l'argenton.Le ferblancet I'argent fabrication d'articlesenmetalenAngleterreou on corpsdemetiers locaux:laCutlers'Companyof
Sbeffieldou laWorshipfulCompanyofPewterers.
Cesregistresne
comprennentque lespoinconsutili lesdetaillants apposaientegalementdespoincons surlesarticlesenmetal.Danscertainscasil peut y avoireuplusd'unfabricant;pourdenombreux athirdmanufacturermay havefinishedorplatedthe finalproduct.Theretailfirmsellingthe knives may alsohavehadits ownregisteredmark. In theearly
19thcentury,beforetherewas a viablesteel
industryinAmerica,knifebladeswere often importedfromGreatBritain,but thehandleswere made byAmericanmanufacturers.Thus even the originof the item isconfusing.In the late 19th centurymanyAmericanretailerscommissioned appliedtheirowntradenames,as they do to the complexities,were commonthroughouttheperiod concerned,but the mark on the finalproductusually providessomeindicationof thesourceof the artifact.
Manycompaniesmanufacturingsmallhardware
items,such as handtoolsandtableware,were in existencefor a longperiodof time, using the same mark ormarks.Manymarksused by firms with establishedreputationswereboughtby asuccessor whocontinuedtheiruse longaftertheoriginal companyhadceasedoperation.Thus, it mayappear thatthe same mark was used by more than one manufactureruntilthedatesof the twocompanies arecompared.When amarkhas been in use over a prolongedperiod,as it has in manyBritishfirms, thedatingof aparticularpiece may have to be determinedonstylisticgrounds,or on ananalysisof themetalormetaltechnologyused in its manu facture.
InCanadaalltablewarein basemetalswasimported
fromGreatBritain,Europeor theUnitedStates untilthefinalyears of the 19thcentury.Several citiesduringthe 1880s.Althoughsomecastingand stampingwas done in a few of theseplants,much of the work was in thefinishingorplatingof items thatweremadein theUnitedStates.A few silvergoods,often made smallquantitiesofbase metalitemsthat weresilver-plated. vi couteaux, les lames etantfabriqueespar une entre prise et lesmanchespar une autre et la finition ou le placage se faisant chez une troisieme. Ledetaillantqui vendait ces couteauxpouvaitegalementy apposer son proprepoinconhomologue.Au debutdu XIX e siecle avant quel'industriede racierne soit viable en
Amerique, les lames de couteauxetaientsouvent
importeesdeGrande-Bretagneet lesmanchesfabri ques auxEtats-Unis.Il est doneparfoisdifficilede determinerI'origine d'unarticle.Ala fin du XIX e desproduits adesfabricantsbien connus, puis y faitencorede nosjours.Malgre toutes ces com plexites,frequentes au cours de laperiodeetudiee,le poincon quiapparaitsur unarticledonne genera lement une bonneindicationde saprovenance.
Bien desentreprisesquifabriquaientdepetits
a main et de lavaisselle,etaientenactivitedepuis longtemps etutilisaientle ou lesmemespoincons.Il arrivaitaussique despoinconsutilisespar des entreprises alareputationetablieaientcontinue d'autres.Done ilsembleque le memepomcon puisseavoir eteutilisepar plusd'unfabricant,mais ilsuffitdecomparerlesperiodes d'activitedes deux entreprisespourconstater qu'ils nel'etaientjamais en meme temps.Lorsqu'unpoincona eteutilise durantuneperiodeprolongee,comme c'estle cas d'unepiecedoitparfoisse faire enfonctiondes caracterisuquesstylistiques,du metalemploye,ou de latechnologieutiliseepourlafabrication.
Toute lavaisselleenmetauxnonprecieuxretrou
vee auCanadaa eteimporteede laGrande
Bretagne,de
l'Europeou desEtats-Unisjusquala toute fin du XIX e siecle.Plusieursentreprisesame ricainesontouvertdesfilialesdans desvillescana diennesaucoursdesannees1880. Bien qu'onait pratiquela fonte et I'estampillagedansquelques unes de cesusines,ellesservaientsurtout ala fini tion et auplacagedesarticlesfabriquesauxEtats
Unis.Quelquesentreprisescanadiennes,qui fabri
souvent aussi depetitesquantitesd'articlesen metaux nonprecieuxplaquesargent. 'fIJ/J WIll wI 'filii WIll wiI 'filii ""WIll WIll 'filii wI fill 'filii fill 'filii wJI wJI 'filii 'filii 'filii sourcedocumentssuch asretailers'recordsshow thatnearlyalltablewaregoods wereimportedfrom
GreatBritainuntil the 1870s. After the D.S. Civil
rivalsfor theCanadianmarket. During the 19th century,mostof thecommontablewaregoods were soldthroughironmongersorhardwaremen,with the finersilver-platedgoods to be found injewelryor watchmakers'shops.Departmentstoresand mail orderhousessuppliedmany of these wares to the consumertowardsthe end of thecentury.quotesdbs_dbs8.pdfusesText_14