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1

Overview on the Radionuclide

monitoring segment of the CTBTO verification regime

Hakim Gheddou

Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

Provisional Technical Secretariat

Vienna International Centre

P.O. Box 1200, A-1400 Vienna

AUSTRIA

www.ctbto.org

OUTLINE

Page 2

CTBTO verification regime

Radionuclide network of the IMS

Radionuclide data processing at the IDC

Access to CTBTO data and products

Support to Member States after Fukushima

NDC-in-a-BOX software package

Summary

2

IDC/WS/FSNovembe

r 2002

Page 3

CTBT -Preamble

Constraining the development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons. Ending the development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons. A meaningful step in the realization of a systematic process to achieve nuclear disarmament.

IDC/WS/FSNovembe

r 2002

Page 4

CTBT -Article I. Basic Obligations

1.Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon tstexplosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control.

2.Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.

3

IDC/WS/FSNovembe

r 2002

Page 5

Treaty ArticlesArticle IV -Verification

A verification regime shall be established

An International Monitoring System

Consultation and Clarification

Confidence-building measures

On-site inspections

At entry into force of this Treaty, the verification regime shall be capable of meeting the verification requirements of the Treaty

CTBT -Article IV. Verification

The CTBT Bans All Nuclear ExplosionsSynergy between monitoring technologies

ƒInfrasonic waves

ƒPossible seismic/hydro

coupling

ƒNoise sources: meteors,

volcanoes, weather, air/spacecraft, chemical explosions

Atmospheric Nuclear Tests

ƒSeismic waves

ƒPossible hydro/infra

coupling

ƒNoise sources:

earthquakes, volcanoes, chemical explosions

Underground Nuclear Tests

ƒHydroacousticwaves

ƒPossible seismic/infra

coupling

Noise sources:

earthquakes , volcanoes, chemical explosions, whales

Underwater Nuclear Tests

Radionuclides: released

particulates and gases

Radionuclides: possibly

vented gases

Radionuclides: possibly

vented gases 4

Page 7

Primary

Seismic

Auxiliary

The Complete IMS Verification System

Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Provisional Technical Secretariat

The CTBT Verification Regime

Acquires, analyses and disseminates IMS Data and IDC Products,

¾-Test-Ban Monitoring in Multiple Environments

5

Comparison of monitoring techniques

Radionuclide

SHI Delayed response; 4 -14 dPrompt response, near real- time; < 1 d

Few eventsMany events

Very good detection capabilityGood detection capability

Poor location abilityExcellent location ability

Radionuclide monitoring supports the other technologies by providing certain forensic proof of the nature and timing of an event

Unambiguous identification

I mpossible to identify nuclear test

Synergy between monitoring technologies

Page 10

Introduction to CTBTO

Radionuclide network of the IMS

Radionuclide data processing at the IDC

Access to CTBTO data and products

Support to Member States after Fukushima

NDC-in-a-BOX software package

Summary

6

The CTBTO Radionuclide Monitoring

Network

Design elements of the Radionuclide network:90% capability to detect within ~14 days for a 1 ktnuclear explosion in the atmosphere or from venting by an underground or underwater detonation. ¾80 stations for particulate Radionuclides in aerosols ¾among which, 40 are also equipped with capabilities to also monitor Noble Gas (4 Xenon radioisotopes: Xe-131m,

Xe-133m, Xe-133 and Xe-135)

Certification of radionuclide stations

Minimum requirements:

Page 12

7 International Monitoring System Division, November 2002Page 13

Station Design :: Real Station

__________

COMPUTER &

ELECTRONICS

AIR AIR

SAMPLER

Inlet

Outlet

Filter

GAMMA

DETECTOR

Compressed Filter

DECAY

CHAMBER

Compressed Filter

IDC VSAT

ANTENNA

International Monitoring System Division, November 2002Page 14

Radionuclide -Air Filter Spectrum

050010001500200025003000

10 100
1000
10000

100000

Airflow: 590.9 m3/h

Activity: 7Be: 6.84 mBq/m3

212Pb: 23.15 mBq/m3

MDC: 140Ba: 13.95 Bq/m3

Typical Spectrum after 24 h of sampling,

24 h of decay and 24 h of counting

212Pb

238.63 keV

7Be

477.61 keV

208Tl

510.77 keV

511 keV

208Tl

583.19 keV

214Bi

609.31 keV

212Bi

727.18 keV

208Tl

763.13 keV

212Bi

785.42 keV

208Tl

860.56 keV

40K

1460.75 keV

212Bi

1620.56 keV

208Tl

1592.53 keV

208Tl

2103.53 keV

208Tl

2614.53 keVCounts

Energy (keV)

8 International Monitoring System Division, November 2002Page 15

RN20 -Beijing, China (Airsampler)

International Monitoring System Division, November 2002Page 16

RN47 -Kaitaia, New Zealand

9

The CTBTO Radionuclide Monitoring

Network: 80 Particulate stations

3 technologies: RASA, ARAME(cindrella), Manual

63 stationsarecertified

The CTBTO Radionuclide Monitoring

Network : 40 with Noble Gas systems

3 technologies: SAUNA, SPALAX, ARIX

23 systemsarecertified

10

The CTBTO Radionuclide Monitoring

Network : supported by 16 Laboratories

10 Laboratories certifiedforparticulates

1st certificationforNG: Dec. 2014

CAL05USL16

JPL11 CNL06 RUL13 FIL07 ATL03 BRL04 ARL01 ZAL14 ILL09 AUL02 NZL12 ITL10 FRL08 GBL15

Certified

Lab

Non-certified

Lab

Laboratory Network

Certified

NG 11

Noble Gas systems

SPALAX

ARIX

SAUNA-II

3 different technologies are operated

Minimum requirements: -technical specifications

Air flow0.4 m3 h-1

Total volume of sample10 m3 (0.87ml of stable Xenon volume)

Collection time24 h

Measurement time24 h

Time before reporting48 h

Reporting frequencyDaily

Isotopes measured131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, 135Xe

Measurement mode Beta-gamma coincidence system or

High resolution gamma spectrometry

Minimum Detectable Concentration 1 mBq m-3for 133Xe

State of healthStatus data transmitted to IDC

CommunicationTwo-way

Data availability 95 %

Down time 7 consecutive days

15 days annually

Certification of Noble Gas systems

Page 22

12 FRX31

NG systems in IDC provisional Operations

(Mar. 2015 22certifed 1under Testing&Evaluation BRX11 FRX29

USX75USX74

GBX66 USX79 GBX68 FRX30 MXX44 Page 23
CMX13 NOX49 SEX63 USX77 PAX50 MNX

45DEX33

FRX27 NZX46 CAX16

22 IMS Noble Gas systems are certified and sending daily data to IDC

Operations.

Spectra are reviewed in routine mode by IDC Analysts. Automated and reviewed products (ARR/RRR) are generated and made available to NDCs, on a regular basis. CAX17 AUX09 JPX38

Sample

category is included in

ARR/RRR

Information on

isotopic ratios is also provided.

Page 24

Introduction to CTBTO

Radionuclide network of the IMS

Radionuclide data processing at the IDC

Access to CTBTO data and products

Support to Member States after Fukushima

NDC-in-a-BOX software package

Summary

13

Page 25

IDC processing pipeline for

Radionuclides

CategorizationandReviewedproducts

ParticulatesandNoble Gas withcategory

Interactive review

ParticulatesandSPALAX NG:

SAINT2SAUNA & ARIX NG:Norfy

Automaticprocessing

Autosaint:Particulatesand

SPALAX NGBg_analyze: Beta-gamma

coincidencebasedNG (SAUNA & ARIX) -rmsAUTO -rmsMAN File

System

Input program

Radon decay productsLead-212

Bismuth-212

Bismuth-214

Thallium-208

Terrestrial radionuclidesRadium-226

Actinium-228

Uranium-235

Potassium-40

Cosmic-ray induced radionuclides:Beryllium-7

Sodium-22

Germanium isotopes

CTBT Relevant radionuclides:

possibly from nuclear weapons (fission & activation products) non relevant radionuclides: not associated with nuclear weapons including some radio pharmaceuticals and accelerator products

Types of radionuclidesin the atmosphere

N A T U R A L A N T R O P O G E N I C 14

Fission and activation products

International Data Centre

Fission products are produced instantly due to fission of U or Pu -Fission yield is telling roughly what masses the fission is producing -Two figures: yield of the isotope on its own and cumulative fission yield. -Fission yields are slightly different for different source materials. Mass numbers around 90-100 and 130-140 are well represented in all of them -Activation products are produced instantly due to activation of surrounding materials of nuclear detonation. -Activating agent is usually neutron, typical reaction is for example Co-59 (n, gamma) Co-60 -Other particles like positrons and electronscan cause activation.

The list of relevant

radionuclides (activation and fission products) and the explanation why they are relevant on PTS documentation

International Data CentrePage 28

Radionuclides of interest

1-day decay3-day decay10-day decay30-day decay

Xe-13511.8 %Mo-999.6%Xe-13313.6%Ru-10312.2%

I-1337.8 %Rh-1058.3%Ba-1407.9%Ce-14110.7%

Zr-976%Xe-1337.3%I-1317.0%Ba-1409.6%

Rh-1055.4%Te-1326.9%Mo-996.5%Zr-956.3%

Pd-1094.4%Ce-1435.9%Te-1326.2%I-1314.5%

Ce-1344.3%I-1335.9%Ru-1034.8%Xe-1333.5%

Mo-994.2%Zr-973.1%Ce-1414.6%Nd-1473.4%

I-1354.2%I-1313.1%Nd-1473.3%Ce-1441.4%

Te-1322.8%Ba-1402.9%Zr-952.2%Ru-1061.4%

Ce-1411.3%Xe-133m0.23%Xe-131m0.13

Xe-133m0.42%Xe-131m0.05%

Xe-131m0.0058%

aerosols Half-life

95Zr 64 d

95Nb 35 d

97Zr 17 h

99Mo/ 99mTc 2.75 d

103Ru 39 d

106Ru 1.008 y

131I 8 d

132Te 3.3 d

133I 20 h

134Cs 2.1 y

136Cs 13.2 d

137Cs 30 y

140Ba 12.8 d

140La 40.2 h

141Ce 31.5 d

143Ce 1.4 d

144Ce 284.3 d

147Nd 10.99 d

noble gases

135Xe 9.1 h

133mXe 2.19 d

133Xe 5.24 d

131mXe 11.9 d

Table2.Sometradionuclidesrelevantas

nucleartestindicators. 15

Categorization scheme for particulates

samples

83 CTBT relevant nuclides

Page 30

Noble gas categorization scheme

30International Data Centre

NG Spectrum analysis

Xe present?

Yes Clean background

Level 1 (A)

NoYes

Typical?

No

Typical

for station

Anomalous

for station

Level 2 (B)Level 3 (C)

Flag:

Quality

Indicators on

Sample

reliability Flag:

Isotopic ratios

Xe-133m/131m > 2?

Xe-135/133 > 5?

Xe-133m/Xe-133 > 0.3?

Flag:

Backtracking

indicates known source Flag:

Concentrations

Xe-133m, Xe-131m,

Xe-135, Xe-133 typical?

Concept:

-Three-level activity concentration based scheme -Inter-quartile based filtering threshold, 365 days

Scheme updated:Xe-131m can also trigger level C

(even if detected alone in the sample) 16

Page 31

IDC processing pipeline

Yearly evolution of reviewed

samples (particulates stations) 871
20748
100
5100
10100
15100
20100
25100

2000200220042006200820102012

Total released samples

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