6 The Natural Logarithm - Arkansas Tech University
lna lnb 6= ln 1 a 6= 1 lna: For example, ln 1 1 2 = ln2 whereas 1 ln 1 2 = 1 ln2: 2 Example 6 3 Sketch the graphs of the functions y = lnx and y = ex on the same
Algebraic Properties of ln( - University of Notre Dame
Algebraic Properties of ln(x) (iii) ln(ab) = lna lnb I Note that 0 = ln1 = ln a a = ln(a 1 a) = lna + ln 1 a, giving us that ln 1 a = lna I Thus we get ln a b = lna + ln 1 b = lna lnb I (iv) lnar = r lna:
Low-Noise Amplifier Series - Comtech EF Data
LNA/LNB systems (C-, X-, Ku- or Ka-Band) They meet or exceed system requirements for commercial geosynchronous satellites worldwide Their compact design and rugged construction make them ideal for transportable applications and severe environments The LNAs have a comprehensive set of options to accommodate systems ranging from Very Small
AN11698 BFU910F FE for Ku band Universal Single LNB applications
Keywords BFU910F, Frontend, Ku band, LNA, LNB Abstract This Application Note describes the reference design of a two stage LNA Frontend for Ku band Universal Single LNBs based on BFU910F BFU910F in combination with LS9105 bias device, with its very good noise figure, high gain, low current, simplicity of the bias circuitry and
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
=lna−lnb 7 lnar = rlna One important application of these properties is in solving equations involv-ing exponential and logarithm functions 2 3 Two Important Relations The exponential function of any base can be expressed in terms of the natural exponential Thesameis truefor thelogarithmicfunctions Since a = elna,using
Satellite Communication (lecture#9) - RF Cafe
LNA /LNB Noise Temperature Other Equipment Signal Power Calculation Antenna Gain G = η(Π* d / λ)2 [dBi] Where, λ= C / f , C = Speed of light f = frequency of interest η= efficiency of antenna ( ), d = diameter of antenna (m) Signal Power Calculation Antenna Beam width θ3dB = 70 * C / df [degrees] Where, C= 3x108 m/s (Velocity of Light) EIRP
BUC
Isolation LNA/LNB-A to LNA/LNB-B 30dB Min 10MHz Output Power Level 0dBm Typical DC Voltage Supply to LNA/LNB 24V // 48V (optional) DC Current Supply to LNA/LNB 8A max Transmit Transfer Parameters for BUC Insertion loss 6dB Max Full band Gain Flatness 1 5dB Max 36MHz Gain Flatness 0 5dB Max Isolation LNA/LNB-A to LNA/LNB-B 30dB Min
AN11010 Single stage Ku band LNA using BFU730F
AN11010 Single stage Ku band LNA using BFU730F Rev 1 0 — 11 January 2011 Application note Document information Info Content Keywords BFU730F, LNA, Ku band, LNB
General Logarithms and Exponentials
General exponential functions For a > 0 and x any real number, we de ne ax = ex lna; a > 0: The function ax is called the exponential function with base a Note that ln(ax) = x lna is true for all real numbers x and all a > 0
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Low-Noise Amplifier Series
Datasheet
Application
Our Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) series includes LNAs and redundant LNA/LNB systems (C-, X-, Ku- or Ka-Band). They meet or exceed system requirements for commercial geosynchronous satellites worldwide. Their compact design and rugged construction make them ideal for transportable applications and severe environments. The LNAs have a comprehensive set of options to accommodate systems ranging from Very Small Amplifier Terminal (VSATs) to major earth stations. The redundant LNA/LNB systems include primary and backup LNA(B)s and an automatic switching controller. In case of primary LNA/LNB failure, fast automatic switchover to the backup LNA/LNB minimizes downtime.Technology
The amplifiers incorporate both HEMT devices for low-noise temperature performance and GaAs FET devices for low intermodulation.
The units use surface mounted components for robotic manufacturing techniques, thereby insuring maximum product consistency and
enhanced reliability. XLNA includes integrated filtering to address adjacent power issues peculiar to demanding X-Band terminals.
Reliability
The amplifier series utilizes proprietary circuitry and high-quality components to achieve an MTBF in excess of 160,000 hours. Each
unit is temperature cycled from -40 to 140F (-40 to +60C).System Controller
The RC-11/1270 1:1/1:2 system controller monitors the outdoorLNA/B system and provides the necessary 48V DC nominal redundant switch drive as well as selectable(13/18V) unit bias to operate
multi-band LNBs. It has two independent internal power supplies allowing the customer to supply independent power sources (AC or
optional 48V DC) for utmost reliability. It offers an easy-to-use front panel keyboard/display as well as full Ethernet capabilities (SNMP,
Telnet, HTML, serial EIA-232/485) for integration with a customer network.Subsystems
1+1 (one backup for one primary) and 1+2 (one backup for two primary) redundant LNA and LNB systems are available complete with
mounting plate, brackets, and indoor Redundancy Controller/Power Supply (transmit reject filters, cables and other integration materials
are offered as required).LNA Specifications
Frequency
CLNA & REDCLNA 3.4 to 4.2 GHz
3.625 to 4.2 GHz
3.625 to 4.8 GHz (45K only)
4.5 to 4.8 GHz
XLNA & REDXLNA 7.25 to 7.75 GHz
KLNA & REDKLNA 10.95 to 12.75 GHz
10.70 to 12.75 GHz
KaLNA & REDKLNA 19.7 to 21.2 GHz
19.2 to 20.2 GHz
17.8 to 19.3 GHz
20.2 to 21.2 GHz
Noise Temperature
CLNA 30, 35, 40, 45 K
XLNA 40, 45 K
KLNA 65, 70, 80, 85 K
KaLNA 120, 130, 150 K
Gain(nominal) 50 dB or 60 dB All Bands, 70dB X-Band OnlyGain Flatness (fixed temp)
CLNA 1.5 dB p-p from 3.625 to 4.2 GHz
2.0 dB p-p from 3.4 to 4.2 GHz
3.0 dB p-p from 3.4 to 4.8 GHz
0.40 dB p-p over 40 MHz
REDCLNA (Std.
Band)3.0 dB p-p over Full Band typical
0.50 dB p-p over 40 MHz typical
XLNA 3.0 dB p-p over Full Band typical
0.50 dB p-p over 40 MHz typical
REDXLNA 4.0 dB p-p over Full Band typical
1 dB p-p over 40 MHz typical
KLNA3.0 dB p-p over Full Band
0.75 dB p-p over 40 MHz
REDKLNA 4.0 dB p-p over Full Band typical
1 dB p-p over 40 MHz typical
KaLNA 4.0 dB p-p over Full Band
1 dB p-p over 40 MHz
REDKaLNA 5.0 dB p-p over Full Band typical
1.5 dB p-p over 40 MHz typical
Third Order Intercept +20 dBm (+30 dBm opt. for XLNA) Ouptut Power +12 dBm typ, +10 dBm guaranteed across band and temp AM-PM Conversion 0.05°/dB @ -5 dBm (@ -10 dBm for KaLNA) Linear Group Delay 0.01 ns/MHz (XLNA - .05 ns/MHz) Parabolic Group Delay 0.001 ns/MHz2 (XLNA - .005 ns/MHz2)Ripple 0.1 ns p-p (XLNA - 1 ns p-p)
Input/Output VSWR 1.33:1 Maximum Input VSWR (all)1.33:1 Output VSWR for C/X/Ku Red. Sys.
1.5:1 Max Output VSWR for KaLNA
Input Waveguide
CLNA & REDCLNA CPR229
XLNA & REDXLNA CPR112
KLNA & REDKLNA WR75
KaLNA & REDKaLNA WR42
Output Connector (C, X, Ku) Type N Standard, Optional SMAOutput Connector (Ka) SMA
Operating Temp. -40 to 140F (-40 to +60°C)
Input Power +12 to +24 VDC @ 120 mA
Power Connector Coaxial or PT06E-8-4S
System Diagrams
1:1 Redundant LNA System Block Diagram
1:2 Redundant LNA System Block Diagram
Typical System Noise Temperature
Calculation
1:1 Redundant LNA System
Tsystem = TLNA + TSWITCH + TOPTION 3 + TOPTION 1
1:2 Redundant LNA System
RF Input 1:LNA online signal path
Tsystem = TLNA + TSWITCH + TOPTION 3 + TOPTION 1
RF Input 1:LNA 3 online signal path (LNA 1 Standby) Tsystem = TLNA + 2*TSWITCH + TW2 + TOPTION 3 + TOPTION 1RF Input 2:LNA 2 online signal path
Tsystem = TLNA = TW1 +TSWITCH + TOPTION 3 + TOPTION 1 RF Input 1:LNA 3 online signal path (LNA 2 Standby) Tsystem = TLNA + 2*TSWITCH + TW1 + TW2 + TOPTION 3 +TOPTION 1
Typical Noise Temperature in Kelvin at 23°C
Band (GHz) 3.62
4.205 3.4 4.2 7.9 8.4 10.7 12.75 Ka-Band
WR-229 WR-229 WR-112 WR-75 WR-42
TSWITCH 1.50 1.50 3.00 5.00 12.00
TW1 1.50 1.50 4.00 4.00 7.00
TW2 1.50 1.50 2.5 4.00 7.00
TOPTION1 0.50 0.50 2.00 2.00 5.00
TOPTION3 2.40 7.00 28.0 15.00 NA
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Tempe, AZ 85281 USA
Phone +1.480.333.2200
Email cefdsales@comtech.com
See ComtechPending at http://patents.comtechefdata.comComtech reserves the right to change specifications of products described in this document at any time
without notice and without obligation to notify any person of such changes. Information in this document
may differ from that published in other Comtech documents. Refer to the website or contact Customer Service for the latest released product information.