[PDF] THIRD - University of Utah

La edad de oro Texto de Ovidio que describe la edad de oro

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae, vindice nullo, sponte sua, sine lege, fidem rectumque colebat Poena metusque aberant; [ ] Ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat Nec renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis; Flumina iam lactis, iam nectaris ibant,

Ovid, Met 1, Die vier W eltalter – das goldene Zeitaler (89

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat 90 poena metusque aberant, nec verba minantia fixo aere legebantur, nec supplex turba timebat iudicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice tuti nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95

OVID Metamorphosen I, 89-112 CATULL VIII

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat 90 poena metusque aberant, nec verba minantia fixo aere legebantur, nec supplex turba timebat iudicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice tuti nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95

THIRD - University of Utah

Roman poet Ovid that I memorized in tenth-grade Latin, "Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo ": "First came the Golden Age, when men were honest and righteous of their own free will " Ovid went on to contrast those virtues with the rampant treachery,

Prima Sata Est Aetas - ac

Prima Sata Est Aetas RE than forty years have passed since T W Rhys Davids wrote his admirable survey of social circumstances in the India of Gotama the Buddha's time " A great amount of research has been done in ur decades in Oriental Studies, but nothing has been produced, which

1 Hölderlin

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo Sponte sua sine lege / fidem rectumque colebat Das ist ein daktylischer Hexameter mit 18 Silben Normalerweise ist die antike Vers- Zeile elfsilbig Die deutsche Sprache ist „exspiratorisch akzentuiert“, d h im Deutschen wie auch in

Prooemium, Epilog (Ovid, Metamorphosen 1,1-4; 15,871-879) 001

089 Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, satast: Aphärese; vindice nullo, sponte sua: Paral- 157 Nam sata Tiresia, 175 est avus, aetherium qui

Listina základních práv a svobod –úvod do problematiky

• přírodní stav –homo homini lupus T Hobbes (aurea prima sata est etas, quevindice nulla, sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat,Ovidius) • tvor –bytost –člověk –osoba –osobnost • jedinec –občan –společník -příbuzný • otrokářský stát –status libertatis (otrok -svobodný), s familiae (pater

Ausgabe 1/13 Jahrgang 13 Standardisiert reif?

Aurea prima sata est? oder: Manchmal wird‘s auch besser Diplomarbeiten Reifeprüfung neu – Eine Chance für mehr Pro-fessionalität Das Baccalauréat in Frankreich

[PDF] les 4 ages ovide

[PDF] ovide les métamorphoses utopie

[PDF] ovide métamorphose 1

[PDF] imagine you're english 6ème

[PDF] 16 métamorphoses d ovide questionnaire

[PDF] pyrame et thisbé texte latin

[PDF] pyrame et thisbé ovide

[PDF] pyrame et thisbé poussin

[PDF] pyrame et thisbé analyse

[PDF] pyrame et thisbé roméo et juliette

[PDF] les amours tragiques de pyrame et thisbé

[PDF] rapport goigoux lire et écrire

[PDF] rapport goigoux synthèse

[PDF] golconde interprétation

[PDF] mythe de l age d or résumé

A hardcover edition of this book was published in 199 by

HarperCollins Publishers.

THE THIRD CHIMP-. Copyright O 1992 by Jared Diamond. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoeve; without written permission except in the case of brief quota&ons embodied in'critical articles and reviews. For information address HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 10 East 3rd Street, New York, NY

10022.

HarperCollins books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. For information please write: Special Markets

Department,

HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 10 East 3rd Street,

New York,

NY 10022.

First Harperperennial edition published 1993.

Designed by Ruth Kolbert

The Library of Congresi has catalogued the hardcover edition as follows:

Diamond, Jared

M. The third chlnpaniee : the evolution and hture of the human animal / Jared Diamond. - 1st ed. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-06-018307-1 (cloth)

I. Human evolution. 2. Social evolution. 3. Man-Influence on nature.

I. Title.

GN281,Dn 1992

m.2-dc20 91-50455

ISBN 0-06-098403-1 (pbk.)

CHAPTER I7

1 -The Golden Age That

Never Was

I

Every part of the earth is sacred to

my .people. Every shining p&e need- k, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark .woo&, every clearing and hum- ming insect is holy in the memory and experience of my people. . . . The white man. . . is a stranger 'who comes in the night and takex from the land what- ever he needs. The earth is not his brother but his enemy. . . .. Continue to contaminate your bed, and you will one night suffocate in your own waste. -From a letter written in 1855 to President Franklin

Pierce

by Chief Seattle of the Duwanish tribe of American Indians. E NVIRONMENTALISTS SICKENED BY THE DAMAGE THAT INDUSTRIAL societies are wreaking on the world often look to the-past as a Golden Age. When Europeans began to .settle America, the air and rivers were pure, the landscape green, the Great Plains teeming with bison. Today we breathe smog, worry about toxic chemicals in our drinking water, pave over the.landscape, and rarely see any large wild animal.

Worse'is surely to come. By the time my infant

sans reach retirement

JARED DIAMOND

age, half of the world's species will be extinct, the air radioactive, and the seas polluted with oil. Undoubtedly, two simple reasons go a long way toward explaining our worsening mess: modern technology has far more power to cause havoc than did the stone axes of the past, and far more people are alive now than ever before. But a third factor may also have con- tributed: a change in attitudes. Unlike modern city dwellers, at least some preindustrial peoples-like the Duwanish, whose chief I quoted--depend on and revere their local environment. Stories abound of how such peoples are in effect practicing conservationists. 4 4 As a New Guinea tribesman once explained to me, It's our custom that if a hunter one day kills a pigeon in one direction from the village, he waits a week before hunting for pigeons again, and then goes in the opposite direction." We're only beginning to realize how sophisticated the conservationist policies of so-called primitive peo- ples actually are. For instance, well-intentioned foreign experts have made deserts out of large areas of Africa. In those same areas, local herders had thrived for uncounted millennia by making annual no- madic migrations, which ensured that land never became overgrazed. The nostalgic outlook shared till recently by most of my environ- mentalist colleagues and me is part of a human tendency to view the past as a Golden Age in many other respects. A famous exponent of this outlook was the eighteenth-century French philosopher Jean- Jacques Rousseau, whose Discourse on the Origin of Inequality traced our degeneration from the Golden Age to the human misery that Rousseau saw around him. When eighteenth-century European ex- plorers encountered preindustrial peoples like Polynesians and Amer- ican Indians, those peoples became idealized in European salons as "noble savages" living in a continued Golden Age, untouched by such curses of civilization as religious intolerance, political tyranny, and social inequality. Even now, the days of classical Greece and Rome are widely considered to be the Golden Age of western civilization. Ironically, the Greeks and Romans also saw themselves as degenerates from a past Golden Age. I can still recite half-conscious those lines of the, Roman poet Ovid that I memorized in tenth-grade Latin, "Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo. . . .": "First came the Golden Age, when men were honest and righteous of their own free will." Ovid went on to contrast those virtues with the rampant treachery,

The Golden Age That Never. Was

319
and warfare of his own times:I have no doubt that any humans still ! !: i !- . alive in the radioactive soup of the twenty-second century will write ; 1;: equally nostalgically about our own era, which will then seem un- troubled by comparison. Given this widespread belief in a Golden Age, some recent dis- coveries by archaeologists and paleontologists have come as a shock. It's now clear that preindustrial societies have been exterminating species, destroying habitats and undermining their own existence for thousands of years. Some of the best-documented examples involve Polynesians and American Indians, the very peoples most often cited as exemplars of environmentalism. Needless to say, this revisionist view is hotly contested, not only in the halls of academia but also among lay people in Hawaii, New

Zealand, and other areas with

large Polynesian or Indian minorities. Are the new "discoveries" just one more piece of racist pseudo-science by which white settlers seek to justify dispossessing indigenous peoples? How can the discoveries be reconciled with all the evidence for conservationist practices by modern preindustrial peoples? If the discoveries are correct, can we use them as case histories to help us predict the fate that our own environmental policies may bring upon us? Can the recent findings explain some otherwise mysterious collapses of ancient civilizations, like those of Easter Island or the Maya Indians? Before we can answer these controversial questions, we need to understand the new evidence belying the assumed past Golden Age of environmentalism. Let's first consider evidence for .past waves of exterminations, then evidence for past destruction of habitats. WHEN BRITISH COLONISTS began to settle New Zealand in the 1800s, they found no native land mammals except bats. That wasn't sur- prising: New Zealand is a remote island lying much too far from the continents for flightless mammals to reach. However, the colonists' plows uncovered the bones and eggshells of large birds that were then already extinct but that the Maori (the earlier Polynesian settlers of New Zealand) remembered by the name "moa." From complete skeletons, some of them evidently recent and still retaining skin and feathers, we have a good idea how moas must have looked alive: ostrichlike birds comprising a dozen species, and ranging from little ones "only" three feet high and forty pounds in weight up to giants

JARED DIAMOND

1 1-1.. of five hundred pounds and ten feet tall. Their food habits can be [EL i I inferred from preserved gizzards containing twigs and leaves of doz- ens of plant species, showing them to have been herbivores. They used to be New Zealand's equivalents of big mammalian herbivores like deer and antelope.

While the moas are New

Zealand's most famous extinct birds,

pi many others have been described from fossil bones, totaling at least twenty-eight species that disappeared before Europeans arrived. Quite a few besides the moas were big and flightless, including a big duck, a giant coot, and an enormous goose. These flightless birds were descended from normal birds that had flown to New

Zealand

and that had then evolved to lose their expensive wing muscles in a land free of mammalian predators. Others of the vanished birds, such as a pelican, a swan, a giant raven, and a colossal eagle, were perfectly i capable of flight. i Weighing up to thirty pounds, the eagle was by far the biggest and most powerful bird of prey in the world when it was alive. It dwarfed even the largest hawk now in existence, tropical America's harpy eagle. The New

Zealand eagle would have been the sole predator

capable of attacking adult moas. Although some moas were nearly twenty times heavier than the eagle, it still could have killed them by taking advantage of the rnoas' erect two-'legged posture, crippling them with an attack on the long legs, then killing them with an attack on the head and long neck, and finally remaining for many days to consume the carcasses, just as lions take their time at con- suming a giraffe. The eagle's habits may explain the many headless moa skeletons that have been found. Up to this point I've discussed New Zealand's big extinct animals. But fossil hunters have also discovered the bones of small animals the size of mice and rats. Scampering or crawling on the ground were at least three species of flightless or weak-flying songbirds, several frogs, giant snails, many giant cricketlike insects up to double the weight of a mouse, and strange mouselike bats that rolled up their wings and ran. Some of these little animals were completely extinct by the time that Europeans arrived.

Others still survived on small offshore islands .

near New Zealand, but their fossil bones show that they were for- merly abundant on the New

Zealand mainland. Collectively, all these

now-extinct species that had evolved in isolation would have pro- vided New Zealand with the ecological equivalents of the continents'

The Golhen Age That Never Was

32'
flightless mammals that had never arrived: moas instead of deer, flightless geese and coots instead of rabbits, big crickets and little 13 .Y 1 songbirds and bats instead of mice, and colossal eagles instead of 'i leopards. , - Fossils and biochemical evidence indicate that the moas' ancestors had reawed New Zealand millions of years ago. When and why, after surviving for so long, did the moas finally become extinct? whit disaster could have struck so many species' as different as crickets, eagles, ducks, and moas? Specifically, were all these strange creatures still alive when the ancestors of the Maoris arrived around

A.D. 1000?

At the time that I first visited New Zealand in 1966, the received wisdom was that moas had died out because of a change in climate, and that any moa species surviving to greet the Maoris were on their figurative last legs. New Zealanders took it as dogma that Maoris were conservationists and didn't exterminate the moas. There is still no doubt that Maoris, like other Polynesians, used stone tools, lived mainly by farming and fishing, and lacked the destructive power of modern industrial societies. At most, it was assumed, Maoris might have given the coup de grace to populations already on the verge of extinction. But three sets of discoveries have demolished this conviction.

First, much of New

Zealand was covered with glaciers or cold

tundra during the last Ice Age, ending about ten thousand years ago. Since then, the New

Zealand climate has become much more

favorable, with warmer temperatures and the spread of magnificent forests. z he last moas died with their gizzards full of food, and I. enjoying the best climate that they had seen for tens of thousands of years. Second, radiocarbon-dated bird bones from dated Maori archaeo- logical sites prove that all known moa species were still present in abundance when the first Maoris stepped ashore. So were the extinct geese, ducks, swan, eagle, and other birds now known only from fossil bones. Within a few centuries, the moas and most of those other birds were extinct. It would have, been an incredible coincidence if individuals of dozens of species that had occupied New

Zealand for

millions of years selected the precise geological moment of human i' arrival as the occasion to expire in synchrony. k;quotesdbs_dbs4.pdfusesText_7