Single Subject Designs

How to Use the Example Problems There are several approaches for controlling the stressors related to manual lifting One approach is to eliminate the manual requirements of the job by using hoists, cranes, manipulators, chutes, conveyors, or lift trucks, or through mechanization or automation If the

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Single Subject Designs - San Jose State University

Group vs Single Subject Designs There are two broadly defined approaches to experimental research: group designs & single-subject designs Both approaches apply components of the scientific method to their approach to research The difference between group and single-subject designs lies in the manner in which the

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A USER-MATERIAL SUBROUTINE INCORPORATING SINGLE CRYSTAL

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ScWk 240 Week 8 Slides

Group vs. Single Subject Designs

There are two broadly defined approaches to experimental research: group designs & single-subject designs

Both approaches apply components of the

scientific method to their approach to research The difference between group and single-subject designs lies in the manner in which the principles of the scientific method are put into operation in designing studies

Single-Subject Designs

-- also called: Single Case and Single System Designs

Uses of SSDÕs and SCDÕs in Social Work

Requirements for SSD/SCDÕs

Target problem identification (DV) Quantification of data Obtaining baselines Graphic display of data

Designs(AB, ABAB. ABC/ABCD) and Examples Time Series Designs and Examples External Validity of SSD/SCDÕs

Use of SSD/SCDÕs Designs in SW

§§Logic of time-series design

§§Also called single-subject/single-

system design, and N=1 studies

§§Often the most relevant research

topics for clinical practitioners

§§Major limitations: Sample Sizes

are small (usually 1) and problems with external validity 4

Setting Target Problems

Target problem(s):

§§Decide desired outcome (=DV) to be

measured §§Positive or negative indicator? §§Should occur frequently enough v§Triangulation 5 Developing Measurement Strategies Target problem(s)

§§Who will measure it? (1) self-monitoring, (2) practitioner, (3) significant others §§Sources of data: (1) self-report scale, (2) direct observation, (3) available records v§Triangulation with multiple measures and

observers are strongly preferred 6

Quantification of Data

a)§ Frequency b)§ Duration c)§ Magnitude 7

Obtaining Baseline Phase

§§Repeated measures before the intervention

(=control phase)

§§Attributes of a good baseline:

1)§Minimum of 5-10 measurements 2)§Stable 3)§Problem is not nearing resolution

before the intervention 8

Celeration Lines/Charts

§§Standardized method for charting and analyzing how frequency of behavior changes over time

§§Various Standard Charts:

Session/Daily/Weekly/Monthly/Yearly

§§Consistent Display of Celeration (change) §§Acceleration = increasing performance §§Deceleration = decreasing performance

9 Interpreting Graphically Displayed Behavioral Data

§§Visual analysis

§§Did behavior change in a meaningful way? §§If so, to what extent can that change in behavior be attributed to the independent variable?

§§Identification of

§§Variability §§Level §§Trend

Examples of Baseline Measures

Baseline and Intervention Phases

Graphic Display of Data

§§X axis: (horizontal) §§Y axis: (vertical) §§Data points §§Labels: Baseline/A Phase, Intervention phase/B Phase

14 Interpreting Graphically Displayed Behavioral Data

§§Read the graph:

§§Figure caption §§Condition & axis labels §§Location of numerical value & relative

significance of scale breaks

§§Visually track each data path:

§§Are data paths properly connected? §§Is the graph distorted? 15

AB Design

§§The basic and simplest design §§One baseline phase & one intervention phase §§Advantage(s): §§Disadvantage(s): §§Retrospective baseline 16

[PDF] Single Subject Designs - San Jose State University

Single Subject Designs

ScWk 240 Week 8 Slides

Group vs. Single Subject Designs

Both approaches apply components of the

Single-Subject Designs

Uses of SSDÕs and SCDÕs in Social Work

Requirements for SSD/SCDÕs

Use of SSD/SCDÕs Designs in SW

§§Logic of time-series design

§§Also called single-subject/single-

§§Often the most relevant research

§§Major limitations: Sample Sizes

Setting Target Problems

Target problem(s):

§§Decide desired outcome (=DV) to be

Quantification of Data

Obtaining Baseline Phase

§§Repeated measures before the intervention

§§Attributes of a good baseline:

1)§Minimum of 5-10 measurements 2)§Stable 3)§Problem is not nearing resolution

Celeration Lines/Charts

§§Various Standard Charts:

Session/Daily/Weekly/Monthly/Yearly

§§Visual analysis

§§Identification of

§§Variability §§Level §§Trend

Examples of Baseline Measures

Baseline and Intervention Phases

Baseline and Intervention Phases

Graphic Display of Data

§§Read the graph:

§§Visually track each data path:

AB Design

ABAB Design

§§Withdrawal/reversal design

§§Advantage(s):

§§Disadvantage(s):

ABAB Design (Examples)

Multiple-Component Designs (ABC, ABCD)

§§Add a third or fourth type of

§§Caution: carryover effect,

Example of Multiple Component Design

Replication

§§Replication can enhance both

Time Series and Related Designs

Notations: X = introduction of stimulus,

O = observation/measurement

Examples of Time Series Projects

External Validity

¥ Generalizability

¥ Representativeness of sample,

¥ Sampling and survey research