Q9: What are the chlorine and bromine reactions that destroy
ClO or Cl When starting with ClO, the first reaction is ClO with O to form Cl Cl then reacts with (and thereby destroys) ozone and reforms ClO The cycle then begins again with another reaction of ClO with O Because Cl or ClO is reformed each time an ozone molecule is destroyed, chlorine is con-sidered a catalyst for ozone destruc-tion
Chemical Kinetics - Cal State LA We Are LA
ClO + ClO ClOOCl k 2 ClOOCl + h Cl + ClOO k 3 ClOO Cl + O 2 k 4 Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 k 1 The Reaction Rate Law Example (con’t ): Oxygen is formed in reactions 1 (repeated in last step of mechanism) and 4 We write a rate for each of these reactions and sum them to get a total rate of oxygen formation: 2k [Cl][O ] k [ClOO] k [Cl][O ] k [ClOO] k
20 Questions: 2010 Update Section II: THE OZONE DEPLETION
to begin with either ClO or Cl When starting with ClO, the first reaction is ClO with O to form Cl Then, Cl reacts with ozone and re-forms ClO, consum-ing ozone in the process The cycle then begins again with another reaction of ClO with O Chlo-rine is considered a catalyst for ozone destruction because Cl and ClO are re-formed each time the
ClO (aq) + Cr(OH)3(s) CrO42-(aq) + Cl (aq) Reduction
Step 1: Chlorine Cl+ Cl-Step 2: ClO-ÆCl-Step 3: ClO-ÆCl-Step 4: (Balance O) ClO-ÆCl-+ H 2O (Balance H) ClO-+ 2H 2OÆCl-+ H 2O + 2OH-Step 5: ClO-+ H 2O +2e-ÆCl-+ 2OH-Oxidation Step 1: Chromate Cr3+ Cr6+ Step 2: Cr(OH) 3 ÆCrO 4 2-Step 3: Cr(OH) 3 ÆCrO 4 2-Step 4: (Balance O) Cr(OH) 3 + H 2OÆCrO 4 2-(Balance H) Cr(OH) 3 + H 2O + 5OH-ÆCrO 4
Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs) Primer
leveraged bank loans (assets) and classes of CLO debt (liabilities), with the equity investors receiving any excess cash flows after the debt investors are paid in full Arbitrage CLOs account for 90-95 of CLO transactions The CLO is structured as a special-purpose vehicle (SPV), and sometimes the CLO manager is an equity holder
Chemical Kinetics Reaction Mechanisms
Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 ClO + ClO → ClOOCl ClOOCl + hν → Cl + ClOO ClOO → Cl + O 2 Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 net: 2 O 3 → 3 O 2 Reactants Intermediates Products Catalysts Reaction Mechanisms Each elementary reaction has a rate coefficient associated with it The rate coefficient, given the symbol k, is a measure of how fast that specific
Unimolecular steps are steps that involve only one reactant
Cl atoms are used in first reaction, but regenerated in second, so overall they are not consumed – Cl atoms act as a catalyst (c) Is ClO a catalyst or a reaction intermediate? ClO is a reaction intermediate (d) What distinguishes a catalyst from an intermediate? A catalyst is not consumed in the overall process, whereas an
Stable Isotope Analysis ClO -1 - NASA
Stable Isotope Analysis ClO 4-4 1 Oceans of the Earth have a ratio of 35 Cl to 37 Cl of 76:24 2 This is based upon the Standard Mean Ocean Chloride (SMOC) 3 Deviation from this mean is calculated by 37 Cl = (37 Cl/ 35 Cl) sample / (37 Cl/ 35 Cl)smoc – 1 Ocean Water 37 Cl = 0 0‰ SIA of ClO 4 37 Cl vs 18 O in the
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Stratospheric ozone is destroyed by reactions involving reactive halogen gases,which are produced in the chem- ical conversion of halogen source gases(see Figure Q8-1). The most reactive of these gases are chlorine monoxide (ClO), bromine monoxide (BrO), and chlorine and bromine atoms (Cl and Br). These gases participate in three prin- cipal reaction cycles that destroy ozone. Cycle 1.Ozone destruction Cycle 1 is illustrated
inFigure Q9-1. The cycle is made up of two basic reac- tions: ClO + O and Cl + O 3 .The net result of Cycle 1 is to convert one ozone molecule and one oxygen atom into two oxygen molecules. In each cycle, chlorine acts as a catalystbecause ClO and Cl react and are reformed. In this way,one Cl atom participates in many cycles, destroying many ozone molecules. For typical strato- spheric conditions at middle or low latitudes, a singlechlorine atom can destroy hundreds of ozone moleculesbefore it happens to react with another gas, breaking thecatalytic cycle.
Polar Cycles 2 and 3.The abundance of ClO is
greatly increased in polar regions during winter as a result of reactions on the surfaces of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles (see Q10). Cycles 2 and 3 (see FigureQ9-2) become the dominant reaction mechanisms for
polar ozone loss because of the high abundances of ClO and the relatively low abundance of atomic oxygen (which limits the rate of ozone loss by Cycle 1). Cycle 2 begins with the self-reaction of ClO. Cycle 3, which begins with the reaction of ClO with BrO, has two reac- tion pathways to produce either Cl and Br or BrCl. The net result of both cycles is to destroy two ozone mole- cules and create three oxygen molecules. Cycles 2 and 3 account for most of the ozone loss observed in the Arctic and Antarctic stratospheres in the late winter/early spring ClClClClOzone Destruction Cycle 1Chlorine atom (ClOz one (O3) Ozone destructionChlorine monoxide (ClOChlorine
catalyticcycleOxygen molecule (O2)Oxygen atom (OClO + O
reactionCl + O3reactionClO + O Cl + O2Cl+O3ClO + O2Net: O + O32O2Oxygen molecule (O2)Figure Q9-1. Ozone destruction
Cycle 1.
The destruction of ozone in
Cycle 1 involves two separate chemical
reactions. The net or overall reaction is that of atomic oxygen with ozone, form- ing two oxygen molecules. The cycle can be considered to begin with eitherClO or Cl. When starting with ClO, the
first reaction is ClO with O to form Cl.Cl then reacts with (and thereby
destroys) ozone and reforms ClO. The cycle then begins again with another reaction of ClO with O. Because Cl orClO is reformed each time an ozone
molecule is destroyed, chlorine is con- sidered a catalyst for ozone destruc- tion. Atomic oxygen (O) is formed when ultraviolet sunlight reacts with ozone and oxygen molecules. Cycle 1 is most important in the stratosphere at tropical and middle latitudes, where ultraviolet sunlight is most intense. Q9:What are the chlorine and bromine reactions that destroy stratospheric ozone?Reactive gases containing chlorine and bromine destroy stratospheric ozone in "catalytic" cycles made up of
two or more separate reactions. As a result, a single chlorine or bromine atom can destroy many hundreds of
ozone molecules before it reacts with another gas, breaking the cycle. In this way, a small amount of reactive
chlorine or bromine has a large impact on the ozone layer. Certain ozone destruction reactions become most
effective in polar regions because the reactive gas chlorine monoxide reaches very high levels there in the late
winter/early spring season.TWENTY QUESTIONS: 2006 UPDATE
Q.17Ozone Destruction Cycle 1
TWENTY QUESTIONS: 2006 UPDATE
Q.18 season (see Q11 and Q12). At high ClO abundances, the rate of ozone destruction can reach 2 to 3% per day in late winter/early spring. Sunlight requirement. Sunlight is required to com- plete and maintain Cycles 1 through 3. Cycle 1 requires sunlight because atomic oxygen is formed only with ultra- violet sunlight. Cycle 1 is most important in the strato- sphere at tropical and middle latitudes, where ultraviolet sunlight is most intense. Cycles 2 and 3 require visible sunlight to complete the reaction cycles and to maintain ClO abundances. In the continuous darkness of winter in the polar stratos- pheres, reaction Cycles 2 and 3 cannot occur. It is only in late winter/early spring when sunlight returns to the polar regions that these cycles can occur. Therefore, the greatest destruction of ozone occurs in the partially to fully sunlitperiods after midwinter in the polar stratospheres. Thevisible sunlight needed in Cycles 2 and 3 is not sufficient
to form ozone because this process requires ultraviolet sunlight. In the stratosphere in the late winter/early spring period, ultraviolet sunlight is weak because Sun angles are low. As a result, ozone is destroyed by Cycles 2 and 3 in the sunlit winter stratosphere but is not produced in sig- nificant amounts.Other reactions. Global ozone abundances are
controlled by many reactions that both produce and destroy ozone (see Q2 reactions are but one group of ozone destruction reac- tions. Reactive hydrogen and reactive nitrogen gases, for example, are involved in other catalytic ozone- destruction cycles that also occur in the stratosphere. These reactions occur naturally in the stratosphere and their importance has not been as strongly influenced by human activities as have reactions involving halogens.ClO + ClO(ClO2+sunlight ClOO2(Cl + O3
Net: 2O3ClO + BrO Cl + Br + O2BrCl + sunlight Cl+BrNet: 2O33O2ClO + BrO BrCl+O2Cl + O3ClO + O2Br + O3BrO + O2Cycle 2Cycle 3Ozone Destruction Cycles)or(ClO2ClOO + ClCl+O2ClO + O2)
3O2(Figure Q9-2. Polar ozone destruction Cycles 2 and 3.Significant destruction of ozone occurs in polar regions because
ClO abundances reach large values. In this case, the cycles initiated by the reaction of ClO with another ClO (Cycle 2
reaction of ClO with BrO (Cycle 3ficiently destroy ozone. The net reaction in both cases is two ozone molecules forming
three oxygen molecules. The reaction of ClO with BrO has two pathways to form the Cl and Br product gases. Ozone
destruction Cycles 2 and 3 are catalytic, as illustrated for Cycle 1 in Figure Q9-1, because chlorine and bromine gases react
and are reformed in each cycle. Sunlight is required to complete each cycle and to help form and maintain ClO abundances.