Q9: What are the chlorine and bromine reactions that destroy
ClO or Cl When starting with ClO, the first reaction is ClO with O to form Cl Cl then reacts with (and thereby destroys) ozone and reforms ClO The cycle then begins again with another reaction of ClO with O Because Cl or ClO is reformed each time an ozone molecule is destroyed, chlorine is con-sidered a catalyst for ozone destruc-tion
Chemical Kinetics - Cal State LA We Are LA
ClO + ClO ClOOCl k 2 ClOOCl + h Cl + ClOO k 3 ClOO Cl + O 2 k 4 Cl + O 3 ClO + O 2 k 1 The Reaction Rate Law Example (con’t ): Oxygen is formed in reactions 1 (repeated in last step of mechanism) and 4 We write a rate for each of these reactions and sum them to get a total rate of oxygen formation: 2k [Cl][O ] k [ClOO] k [Cl][O ] k [ClOO] k
20 Questions: 2010 Update Section II: THE OZONE DEPLETION
to begin with either ClO or Cl When starting with ClO, the first reaction is ClO with O to form Cl Then, Cl reacts with ozone and re-forms ClO, consum-ing ozone in the process The cycle then begins again with another reaction of ClO with O Chlo-rine is considered a catalyst for ozone destruction because Cl and ClO are re-formed each time the
ClO (aq) + Cr(OH)3(s) CrO42-(aq) + Cl (aq) Reduction
Step 1: Chlorine Cl+ Cl-Step 2: ClO-ÆCl-Step 3: ClO-ÆCl-Step 4: (Balance O) ClO-ÆCl-+ H 2O (Balance H) ClO-+ 2H 2OÆCl-+ H 2O + 2OH-Step 5: ClO-+ H 2O +2e-ÆCl-+ 2OH-Oxidation Step 1: Chromate Cr3+ Cr6+ Step 2: Cr(OH) 3 ÆCrO 4 2-Step 3: Cr(OH) 3 ÆCrO 4 2-Step 4: (Balance O) Cr(OH) 3 + H 2OÆCrO 4 2-(Balance H) Cr(OH) 3 + H 2O + 5OH-ÆCrO 4
Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs) Primer
leveraged bank loans (assets) and classes of CLO debt (liabilities), with the equity investors receiving any excess cash flows after the debt investors are paid in full Arbitrage CLOs account for 90-95 of CLO transactions The CLO is structured as a special-purpose vehicle (SPV), and sometimes the CLO manager is an equity holder
Chemical Kinetics Reaction Mechanisms
Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 ClO + ClO → ClOOCl ClOOCl + hν → Cl + ClOO ClOO → Cl + O 2 Cl + O 3 → ClO + O 2 net: 2 O 3 → 3 O 2 Reactants Intermediates Products Catalysts Reaction Mechanisms Each elementary reaction has a rate coefficient associated with it The rate coefficient, given the symbol k, is a measure of how fast that specific
Unimolecular steps are steps that involve only one reactant
Cl atoms are used in first reaction, but regenerated in second, so overall they are not consumed – Cl atoms act as a catalyst (c) Is ClO a catalyst or a reaction intermediate? ClO is a reaction intermediate (d) What distinguishes a catalyst from an intermediate? A catalyst is not consumed in the overall process, whereas an
Stable Isotope Analysis ClO -1 - NASA
Stable Isotope Analysis ClO 4-4 1 Oceans of the Earth have a ratio of 35 Cl to 37 Cl of 76:24 2 This is based upon the Standard Mean Ocean Chloride (SMOC) 3 Deviation from this mean is calculated by 37 Cl = (37 Cl/ 35 Cl) sample / (37 Cl/ 35 Cl)smoc – 1 Ocean Water 37 Cl = 0 0‰ SIA of ClO 4 37 Cl vs 18 O in the
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