[PDF] Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program

Mars – The Red Planet

Mars – The Red Planet Even though it is a small rocky planet, Mars has captured the imagination and scientific interest of humans for centuries Knowledge about the red planet has increased with robotic missions NASA sent its fi rst successful mission to Mars in 1964 Numerous orbiters, landers, and rovers have followed and will continue over

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World – A Comprehensive Program

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020 MASWG iv Hubble Space Telescope image of Mars, obtained in 1999 The bright and dark areas on Mars are visible, along with the summertime north polar cap at the top of the image Water ice clouds are visible and most prominent over the south pole and looking to the planet's limb

WELCOME TO YOUR - NASA’s Mars Exploration Program

THE MARS HELICOPTER INGENUITY 1 The first test of powered flight on another planet 2 Built to be light and strong enough to stow away under the rover while on the way to Mars, and survive the harsh Martian environment after arrival The helicopter weighs less than 4 pounds (1 8 kilograms) 3 Powerful enough to lift off in the thin Mars atmosphere

MARS - Astronomy

mars: nasa, esa, the hubble heritage team (stsci/aura), j bell (asu), and m wolff (space science institute); rover: nasa A supplement to Astronomy magazine A fresh look at MARS

Final Repot - IG-17-009 - NASAs Mars 2020 Project

NASA’s Mars Exploration Program, the organization responsible for managing the Agency’s robotic Mars exploration efforts, has four long-term science goals: (1) determine whether life ever existed on Mars, (2) characterize the climate of Mars, (3) characterize the geology of Mars, and (4) prepare for human exploration of Mars

Space Administration INGENUITY

Mars has a rarefied atmosphere – just about 1 of the density of our atmosphere on Earth Because the Mars atmosphere is so much less dense, Ingenuity is designed to be light, with rotor blades that are much larger

Deep Space Transport (DST) and Mars Mission Architecture

7 Mars OrbitInsertion Chem Backflip (TBD)–continuemission 8 Rendezvous & Mars Descent Lander Remain in Mars orbitfor return 9 Mars Ascent Ascent None –must ascend to orbit 10 Mars orbit reorientation SEP None –continue mission 11 Trans-Earth Injection Chem None –continue mission 12 Mars-Earth Transit Thrusting SEP None –continue mission

FORCE MARS IS TRAINING

MARS since the previous revision Air Force MARS (AFMARS) has been directed to focus on mission essential tasks that were not previously a significant part of AFMARS operations We have also begun operating jointly with Army MARS and DoD units in a more fully integrated way

InSight: Mars Weather Service API

Aug 28, 2019 · InSight: Mars Weather Service API (Last Updated: 8/28/2019) NASA’s InSight Mars lander takes continuous weather measurements (temperature, wind, pressure) on the surface of Mars at Elysium Planitia, a flat, smooth

Ceiling USG MARS ACOUSTICAL PANELS

USG MARS™ ACOUSTICAL PANELS CLIMAPLUS™ PERFORMANCE FEATURES AND BENEFITS • Excellent noise reduction Up to NRC-0 75 • High light-reflective finish (LR-0 90) reduces light fixtures and energy use • Washable, scrubbable finish, that is impact and scratch resistant • Available in Optimized Recycled Content formulations to help maximize

[PDF] 4 mars 2013 : Un incendie détruit une pizzeria à Ségré

[PDF] 4 mars 2014 - Mairie de La Bouëxière - L'Achat Et La Vente De Maisons

[PDF] 4 mars 2014, 9 h > 17 h – Théâtre du Vieux

[PDF] 4 mars 2016 Heure : 11:00 à 17:00 Vendredi 4 - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] 4 MB PDF

[PDF] 4 Millions de visite possible pour votre blog Comment

[PDF] 4 murs Niveau : débutant Musique : How do I live – Leann RIMES - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] 4 mythes sur la fréquence cardiaque - Musculation

[PDF] 4 N-1-07

[PDF] 4 NOTICE D INFORMATIONS concours PACES - Les Grands Animaux

[PDF] 4 nov.indd

[PDF] 4 novembre 2013

[PDF] 4 novembre 2013 - Bulletin académique - Académie d`Aix

[PDF] 4 novembre 2014 - Grande Chancellerie de la Légion d`honneur - Anciens Et Réunions

[PDF] 4 novembre 2015 - Anciens Et Réunions

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World -

A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars

Exploration

Report by the NASA Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG)

November 2020

ii

Front Cover: Artist Concepts

Top (Artist concepts, left to right): Early Mars 1 ; Molecules in Space 2 ; Astronaut and Rover on Mars 1 ; Exo-Planet System 1 !"##"$ MMarssr,theMaNr,HbMEndeavour Crater, ilMrWithoMd-MHThM%&&"'#()*#+MeNfhe C n

Credits:

1 NASA 2

Discovery Magazine

Citation: Mars Architecture Strategy Working Group (MASWG), Jakosky, B. M., et al. (2020). Mars, the Nearest Habitable World - A Comprehensive Program for Future Mars Exploration.

MASWG Members

!Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado (chair) !Richard Zurek, Mars Program Office, JPL (co-chair) !Shane Byrne, University of Arizona !Wendy Calvin, University of Nevada, Reno !Shannon Curry, University of California, Berkeley !Bethany Ehlmann, California Institute of Technology !Jennifer Eigenbrode, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center !Tori Hoehler, NASA/Ames Research Center !Briony Horgan, Purdue University !Scott Hubbard, Stanford University !Tom McCollom, University of Colorado !John Mustard, Brown University !Nathaniel Putzig, Planetary Science Institute !Michelle Rucker, NASA/JSC !Michael Wolff, Space Science Institute !Robin Wordsworth, Harvard University

Ex Officio

!Michael Meyer, NASA Headquarters

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020

MASWG

Table of Contents

iii "#$%&!'()!*)#$)%'!+#,-'#,.)!/0$.1!2!

3#,.)!04!506')6'%!

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1"

I."I

NTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 5"

II."M ARS: A COMPELLING TARGET FOR SOLAR SYSTEM SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION ................... 9"

DDl:"wverarching - hemes llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll c"

DDlA"Vars presents outstanding access to environments fundamental to the search for past andWor

present signs of lifel lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll do"

DDlp"Vars offers an unparalleled opportunity to study climate and habitability as an evolvingb systemi

level phenomenonl lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll d-"

DDlg"Vars is the best place in the solar system to study the first billion years of the evolution of a

habitable terrestrial planetl llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll df"

DDlO"wutstanding opportunities for elucidating the climate and prebiotic and possible biological history

of Vars informs our understanding of the evolution of exoplanetslllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll dE"

DDlB"Vars is a compelling destination for humaniexploration and sciencei exploration synergisml lllll dc"

DDl/"Dnternational and pommercial 2layers llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll -d"

III."F

INDINGS ...................................................................................................................................... 22"

IV."P

ROGRAMMATIC RATIONALE AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES ..................................................... 32"

DLl:"khy a Vars 2rogram is Recessary lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll T-"

DLlA""5mall 5pacecraft for Varsu : 2rogrammatic wpportunity llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Tf"

DLlp "-ow to Dnvolve pommercial and Dnternational 2artners llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Tn"

V."R

ECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 41"

Ll:

""-ighilevel 3ecommendations lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll fd"

LlA""V:5k/ 3ecommendations for a 5uccessful Buture Vars Oxploration 2rogram llllllllllllllllllll fT" VI."A

MARS PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE FOR 2020-2035 ................................................................... 48"

LDl:"Vission plasses for Vars Oxplorationlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll fc"

LDlA""2rogram :rchitectureu 2erspectives and 2ossibilitiesÑVission :rcs lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Co"

LDlp""2rogram 5cope and :ffordability lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Cc"

VII."I

MPLEMENTING A MARS EXPLORATION PROGRAM .................................................................... 62"

A

PPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................... 64"

:ppendix :"V:5k/ Veetings and :ctivities llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll nC"

:ppendix A"5cience pontamination pontrol and 2lanetary 2rotection ponsiderations for the

Buture Vars Oxploration 2rogram lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll nn"

:ppendix p"5mallisatellite posts in the pontext of Vars Oxploration llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll nx"

:ppendix g"3eferences lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll nc"

:ppendix O":cronym Pist lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Ex"

:ppendix B":cknowledgments llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll xo"

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020

MASWG iv

Hubble Space Telescope image of Mars, obtained in 1999. The bright and dark areas on Mars are visible, along with

the summertime north polar cap at the top of the image. Water ice clouds are visible and most prominent over the

south pole and looking to the planet's limb. (Credit: Space Telescope Science Institute and NASA)

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020

MASWG

Executive Summary

1

78)9:'-;)!<:==#$>

Mars exploration today is at a critical junc-

ture. A series of successful orbital and landed spacecraft missions have revealed a planet with: !A variety of environments that could be or could have been habitable to microbes, !An e arly, more Earth-like climate that changed dramatically over time, !A geologically recent epoch of ice ages, and !A dynamic planet that still changes today.

These missions have also provided a first

look at the processes by which the planet has evolved, addressing fundamental questions of planetary evolution and providing a valuable end-member in the comparative study of terres- trial planets both inside our solar system and beyond. The program of orbital reconnaissance and e ver more c apable lande d missions has taken the program to the point that it can under- take the challenge of returning - for the first time - carefully chosen samples from the Mar- tian surface for intensive study by the full ca- pabilities of laboratories here on Earth. The

Perseverance rover is on its wa y t o Jezero

Crater, where it will explore an ancient deltaic

environment and collect samples for possible future return. NASA, in partnership with the

European Space Agency (ESA), is developing

follow-on missions for bringing those samples back to Earth during the coming decade, as en- dorsed by the Visions and Voyages Planetary

Sciences Decadal Survey (National Research

Council [NRC], 2011).

As im portant as Mars S ample R eturn

(MSR) is - and it will result in a major step for- ward for planetar y science - examinati on of material from a single site will not tell us eve- rything that we need t o know about Mars.

Mars, like Earth, has a rich, complex history,

with different locations capturing snapshots of its path in space and time. The history of one site must be integrated with a global context provided by bot h globa l observa tions and detailed local measurements at representative sites across the planet. A lso, funda mental questions about Mars will remain related to its potential for life; the geological history of the planet; the history of its climate and the driving forces behind these changes; the evolution of geologic processes and the interior composi- tion and struc ture; and more recent atmos- pheric, polar, surface, and interior processes.

Answering these que stions will require new

flight missions in addition to those needed for MSR.

We have carried out a detailed analysis of

the sc ience and mission ne eds for exploring

Mars, and we have surveyed the emerging ca-

pabilities in order to provide a new vision of what the Mars Exploration Program should be during this era. Our activity was driven by a recommendation from the mid-decadal evalua- tion carried out by the National Acad emies of

Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

(NASEM) of NASA's progress on implement- ing the recommendations of Visions and Voy- ages. As part of its response, NASA chartered this Mar s Architect ure Strategy Working

Group (MASWG) to assess the future of Mars

exploration in addition to the current efforts to complete MSR.

In a rapidly changing environment of tech-

nical innovation, there are new opportunities to pursue the science, even while the challenges of retrieving samples from Mars are being met.

However, as in the past, it will take a focused

program that: !Prioritizes the most important science, uti- lizing new missions across a range of mis- sion size classes and science objectives that build on one another to meet the program objectives; !Leverages the development of new technical capabilities (e.g., small spacecraft); and !Works wit h different NASA directorates and international and commercial partners

Mars, the Nearest Habitable World October 2020

MASWG

Executive Summary

2 in new - and possibly radically different - ways.

Mars exploration is an immense challenge,

worthy of a program that has a history of meet- ing similar challenges.

We recommend a program that will inves-

tigate key are as of solar-system scie nce, fo-quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20