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Diagnosis in Ovarian Masses A Big - UGC Approved Journal

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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 670X www.ijpsi.org Volume 2 Issue 10ϫOctoberϫ04-06 www.ijpsi.org 4 | P a g e

Diagnosis in Ovarian Masses! A Big Dilemma!

1Shalini Mahana Valecha, 2Sara Azad Koshish, 3Divija Dhingra, 4Manisha

Gandhewar.

1Professor, MD, DGO, FGO (SASMS), FICOG,

2Final year PG student MS (OB-GYN),

3Second year PG student (OB-GYN), 4Associate Professor, MD, DGO.

ABSTRACT : Endometriosis is a benign disease defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma

outside uterus. Most commonly involving the ovaries (66%).We report a case of severe endometriosis which was

misdiagnosed as ovarian malignancy in the light of Ca-125 being 914, LDH being 925 and USG, CT, MRI and

FNAC all in favor of ovarian malignancy. Owing to her young age, infertility, history and examination our

strong suspicion was towards endometriosis, which turned out right.Clinical suspicion in the face of

contradictory laboratory and imaging findings is an oft encountered scenario. Hence ,it may prove detrimental

if clinical picture is ignored and treatment is based solely on investigations.

I. INTRODUCTION

Endometriosis is a benign disease defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the

uterus associated with dysmenorrhoea, chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Overall prevalence being 3-10%.

Mean age being 25-35 years. More common in Asians>whites>blacks. Six to seven times higher in first degree

relatives. More commonly occurs in the dependant part of the pelvis :-Ovaries(66% of women), broad ligament,

peritoneal surface of cul-de-sac and uterosacral ligaments, rectovaginal septum, rectosigmoid colon, distant sites

and laparotomy scars, etc.[1] Endometriotic cysts generally occur within the ovaries and they are the result of

repeated cyclic hemorrhage within a deep implant. These cysts can completely replace the normal ovarian

tissue. As the blood builds up over months and years, it turns brown and resembles chocolate hence also

referred as chocolate cyst. [2]

II. CASE HISTORY

A 29yr old nulligravida, married since 3yrs, known case of hypothyroidism on eltroxin 75mcg, came

complaining of breathlessness,abdominal bloating, huge lump in abdomen, debilitating polymenorrhagia and

severe dysmenorrhoea since 6 months along with infertility. loss of appetite was accompanied with weight loss

and persistent low grade fever since one month.Hb of 3gm% coupled with rare A negative Blood Group added

to the problem.She was averagely built,severely pale, pulse 100/min,hyperdynamic,BP 100/70 mm of Hg. Per

abdomen,18-20 wks fixed pelvic mass was felt, mildly tender, cystic to firm. Shifting dullness present suggested

moderate ascites. Per vaginum, above mass was confirmed, arising from adnexa.All routine tests including

thyroid profile were normal.3 blood transfusions were given and Hb rose to 9gm%.ESR was 50mm at 1st

hr.USG showed left ovarian complex cyst with solid component (9x6.7x8 cm), ET-5.2mm with PI 0.9 and RI

0.6 with good arterial and good diastolic flow. Moderate ascites present. CT scan showed left ovarian cystic

lesion 10x10 cm with internal septum. No e/o solid component. MRI was suggestive of approximately 10x10

cm ovarian mass with no solid component, with internal echoes. Ca 125 was 914 (N- 0-35 U/ml) and LDH was

925(N- 313-618 U/L) both alarmingly high. Radiologists suggested FNAC under USG guidance. It was done

and was suggestive of ?TB, ?Malignancy, making the dilemma worse.Hence we arrived at a differential

diagnosis suggestive of endometriosis; tuberculosis; ovarian malignancy. Owing to her young age, infertility,

history and examination our strong suspicion was towards endometriosis. After explaining the risk of surgery to

her we proceeded with Exploratory Laparotomy. Lt Oopherectomy, was done to remove a 10 x10 cm densely

adherent chocolate cyst after separating adhesions. No blood was required intra operatively and no surrounding

structure was damaged in this difficult surgery. Not only was our preoperative diagnosis of endometriosis

correct, inspite of investigations suggesting malignancy but our conservative approach at Exploratory

Laparotomy saved the patients fertility. Histopathological examination later on confirmed endometriosis. Patient

is symptomatically relieved and now on Leuprolide 3.75mg (GnRH analogue) to prevent recurrence. After 3

doses she will be put on fertility enhancing therapy.

Diagnosis In Ovarian Masses...

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Figure 3

III. DISCUSSION

The primary mechanism of pathogenesis of endometriosis being Sampson's theory of retrograde

menstruation and implantation, others being coelomic metaplasia, vascular or lymphatic dissemination or direct

transplantation of endometrial tissue. Altered immune function both cellular and humoral predisposes to

endometriosis. It may also involve auto- immune mechanisms. Molecular mechanism includes high local

estrogen and prostaglandin production and resistance to the action of progesterone, which induces a chronic

inflammatory response in a feed-forward, self perpetuating cycle [1].Focal leaks with inflammation, fibrosis and

adhesion formation are characteristics of endometriosis, whereas acute cyst rupture is a relatively uncommon

complication [2]. Cases of acute cyst rupture are rare, but they may be associated with severe peritonitis and

systemic disturbance, followed by adhesion formation [3,4]. A theory on the formation of ascites in endometriosis was postulated by Bernstein et al. [5], who

suggested that the blood and endometrial cells shed into the peritoneal cavity may irritate and stimulate the

peritoneum, thereby resulting in ascites. Others have reported that rupture of endometriotic cysts with

subsequent peritoneal irritation and the production of reactive exudates may provide an explanation [6].

Ruptured endometriotic cysts sometimes present a diagnostic problem and surgical challenge because patients

with a ruptured cyst present with symptoms of an acute abdomen associated with severe abdominal pain and

unstable vital signs [8]. Ruptured ovarian endometriotic cysts can sometimes mimic ovarian malignancy

because of the extremely elevated serum CA 125 concentration [3]. Infertility is 6 to 8 times more likely to have

endometriosis than fertile women [7]. Despite extensive research, no agreement has been reached and several

mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between endometriosis and infertility. These

mechanisms include distorted pelvic anatomy, endocrine and ovulatory abnormalities, altered peritoneal

function, and altered hormonal and cell-mediated functions in the endometrium. Based on common observations

in laparoscopy, pelvic anatomy distortion, the so-

Chocolate cyst

Ovarian

malignancy

Ovarian

mass

Diagnosis In Ovarian Masses...

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can more readily explain infertility in patients with severe forms of endometriosis. Major pelvic

adhesions or peritubal adhesions that disturb the tubo-ovarian liaison and tube patency can impair oocyte release

from the ovary, inhibit ovum pickup, or impede ovum transport [8]. Women with endometriosis may have

endocrine and ovulatory disorders, including luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, impaired folliculogenesis,

luteal phase defect, and premature or multiple luteinizing hormone (LH) surges [9]. Endometriosis is associated with high chances of recurrence[1].

IV. CONCLUSION

Clinical suspicion in the face of contradictory lab and imaging findings is an oft encountered scenario.

There is a tendency to ignore clinical picture and rely solely on investigations. Treatment then proceeds along

wrong lines. All masses with raised CA 125 are not malignancy. Evidence may point in a certain direction.

However, before embarking on any surgical procedure, these investigations should be seen in light of the whole

clinical picture. This will avoid errors in diagnosis and unpleasant surprises on opening up the patient. Further,

many patients are closed without completing surgery as arrangements for prolonged and complicated surgery

have not been made in advance. This may expose the physician to unnecessary litigation. Again whenever, there

is long standing infertility, endometriosis must top the chart of possible causes.

REFERENCES

[1] Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility by Leon Speroff.

[2] Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP Jr. Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2001; 21: 193- 216.

[3] Johansson J, Santala M, Kauppila A. Explosive rise of serum CA 125 following the rupture of ovarian endometrioma. Hum

Reprod 1998; 13: 3503-3504

[4] Evangelinakis N, Grammatikakis I, Salamalekis G, Tziortzioti V, Samaras C, Chrelias C, et al. Prevalence of acute

hemoperitoneum in patients with endometriotic ovarian cysts: a 7-year retrospective study. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2009; 36:

254-255

[5] Bernstein JP, Perlow V, Brenner JJ. Massive ascites due to endometriosis. Am J Dig Dis 1961;6:1-7

[6] el-Newihi HM, Antaki JP, Rajan S, Reynolds TB. Large bloody ascites in association with pelvic endometriosis: case report and

literature review. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:632-634 Ozkan S, Murk W, Arici A.

[7] Verkauf BS. The incidence, symptoms, and signs of endometriosis in fertile and infertile women. J Fla Med Assoc. 1987;

74(9):6715.

[8] Schenken RS, Asch RH, Williams RF, Hodgen GD. Etiology of infertility in monkeys with endometriosis: luteinized unruptured

follicles, luteal phase defects, pelvic adhesions and spontaneous abortions. Fertil Steril. 1984; 41:12230.

[9] Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Endometriosis and Infertility. Fertil Steril.

2006; 14:S15660.

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