[PDF] Islam: A Brief History, Second Edition (Wiley Desktop Editions)

MAJOR THEMES OF THE QUR’ĀN - Geocitiesws

introduction to major themes of the Qur’ān Except for the treatment of a few important themes like the diversity of religious communities, the possibility and actuality of miracles, and jihād, which all show evolution through the Qur’ān, the procedure used for synthesizing themes is logical rather than chronological

Islam: A Brief History, Second Edition (Wiley Desktop Editions)

in Islamic History 107 Conclusion 112 4 Colonialism and Reform 113 Colonialism 113 The Outcome of World War I 123 The Effects of Colonialism: The Challenge of Islamic Reform 130 Themes of Islamic Reform: Personal Initiative and Social Solidarity 134 Themes of Islamic Reform: Ijtihad 139 Themes of Islamic Reform: Commitment to Learning 143

Copyright© 1982 by International Institute of Islamic Thought

Status: AAR Program Unit: Islamic Studies Group Themes: "Sufism"; "Faith and Reason in Islam"; "'Teaching of Islam: Methods and Problems"; "Changing Status of Women" Sessions: Presiding: Speakers: Two 3-hour sessions, two 1 \Ii-hour sessions Harold Kasimow, J Meric Pessagno, Anis Al)mad, John L Esposito Twenty, namely, Richard Martin

The Fundamentals of Iran’s Islamic Revolution

By analysing the constitution of the Islamic Republic and speeches of seven Iranian leaders from 1979 to the present, this report breaks down the ideology of Iran’s revolutionary Shia Islamism into seven main themes The report shows that rhetoric from the highest levels of the Iranian establishment has not changed since 1979 4

Fundamentals of Islamic Economics and Finance

audience, rather inevitable for a better understanding of Islamic Economics, although the experts in the field may find the description of conventional concepts cumbersome The readers who are well versed in conventional economics may bypass such details and focus on the Islamic themes without loss of generality

Women in Islamic Societies: A Selected Review of Social

Sharia, Islamic religious-based law The civil law as well as the constitutions of many Muslim states provide for equal rights between women and men However, Islamic family law as variously manifested in Muslim nations poses obstacles to women’s equality • Islamic family law, which addresses marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance,

Islamic Finance: Creating Value - PwC

the growth of Islamic populations in SAAAME Countries* • The world’s Islamic population is projected to grow by 35 by 2030, thus significantly boosting the demand for Islamic Finance • The demand for Islamic Finance is expected to particularly grow in Africa and Asia, which currently hold over 95 of the world’s Islamic population

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Islam

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BLACKWELL BRIEF HISTORIES OF RELIGION SERIES

This series offers brief, accessible and lively accounts of key topics within theology and religion. Each volume presents both aca- demic and general readers with a selected history of topics which have had a profound effect on religious and cultural life. The word “history" is, therefore, understood in its broadest cultural and social sense. The volumes are based on serious scholarship but they are written engagingly and in terms readily understood by general readers.

Other topics in the series

Published

Heaven

Alister E. McGrath

Heresy G. R. Evans

Islam

Tamara Sonn

Death

Douglas J. Davies

Saints

Lawrence S. Cunningham

Christianity

Carter Lindberg

Dante

Peter S. Hawkins

Spirituality

Philip Sheldrake

Cults and New Religions

Douglas E. Cowan and David G. Bromley

Love

Carter Lindberg

Christian Mission

Dana L. Robert

Christian Ethics

Michael Banner

Jesus

W. Barnes Tatum

Shinto

John Breen and Mark Teeuwen

Apocalypse

Martha Himmelfarb

Paul Robert Paul Seesengood

Islam 2nd Edition Tamara Sonn

Forthcoming

The Reformation

Kenneth Appold

Monasticism

Dennis D. Martin

Sufism

Nile Green

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Islam

A Brief History

Second Edition

Tamara Sonn

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

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This second edition first published 2010

© 2010 Tamara Sonn

Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 2004) Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell"s publishing program has been merged with Wiley"s global Scientific, Technical, and

Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered Office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19

8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial Offices

350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in thi s book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Tamara Sonn to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stor ed in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani cal, photocopy- ing, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, De signs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some c ontent that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often c laimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, ser vice marks, trade- marks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is design ed to provide accu- rate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter cover ed. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professiona l services. If profes- sional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sonn, Tamara

Islam : a brief history / Tamara Sonn. - 2nd ed.

p. cm. - (Blackwell brief histories of religion series)

1st ed. published in 2004 under the title: A brief history of Islam.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-8094-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) - ISBN 978-1-4051-8

093-1 (pbk. :

alk. paper) 1. Islam-History. 2. Islam-Essence, genius, nature. I. Sonn, Tamara - Brief history of Islam. II. Title.

BP50.S65 2010

297.09-dc22

2009030170

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5 pt Meridien by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

Printed in Singapore

1 2010

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For John

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Contents

List of Illustrations ix

Foreword x

Preface xiv

Preface to the First Edition xvii

Maps xx

1 Many Paths to One God: Establishing the Ideals 1

The Quran 1

The Quran and Other Scriptures 7

Themes of the Quran 13

The Exemplary Life of Muhammad, Prophet

of Islam: The Sunna 24

The Early Muslim Community

and the Pillars of Islam 27

The Successors (“Caliphs") 31

Early Communal Disputes 34

Conclusion 36

2 The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Service of God

and Humanity: The Golden Age 39

Institutions 40

Law 41

Political Structure 49

Cultural Achievements 52

Spirituality and the Mystical Tradition: Sufism 61

Conclusion 78

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viii Contents

3 Division and Reorganization 79

The Crusades and Other Disasters 79

The Decline of the Abbasids

and Rise of the Ottomans 86

Persia: The Safavid Empire 94

India and the Rise of the Mughals 98

Understanding Developments

in Islamic History 107

Conclusion 112

4 Colonialism and Reform 113

Colonialism 113

The Outcome of World War I 123

The Effects of Colonialism: The Challenge of Islamic Reform 130 Themes of Islamic Reform: Personal Initiative and Social Solidarity 134

Themes of Islamic Reform:

Ijtihad

139
Themes of Islamic Reform: Commitment to Learning 143

Conclusion 145

5 Obstacles and Prospects for Islamic Reform 147

Obstacles: The Impact of Colonialism 148

Prospects for the Future 169

Islam, Human Rights, and Democracy 177

Islam among World Religions 185

Notes 193

Further Reading 200

Source Acknowledgments 204

Index 206

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Illustrations

Maps

1 Expansion of the Muslim world 632-750 xx

2 The Muslim world in the sixteenth century xxi

3 The Silk Road xxii

Figures

1 Raphael"s School of Athens showing Ibn Rushd

with Aristotle 55

2 Mevlevis or “Whirling Dervishes" 75

3 The mosque of Selim complex (1557) in Istanbul 93

4 Worshipers at Badshahi mosque in Lahore 107

5 The Dome of the Rock (687-91) in Jerusalem 129

6 The mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah (1603-19)

in Isfahan 192

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Foreword

When Americans defeated Saddam Hussein and occupied Baghdad in early 2003 they confronted a society with a distinctly different way of looking at history. For Americans, history moves in a linear progression. The future beckons bright and promising. For Arabs, the history of the past still inspires and informs their present. That is why, when Americans were expecting Iraqis to talk of setting up democratic institutions, media networks, and commercial institu- tions influenced by the West, one of the first things the Iraqis did was to march to Karbala, the site where the grandson of the Prophet of Islam was martyred in the seventh century. About

2 million Iraqis made the pilgrimage to one of the holiest sites in

Islam particularly revered by the Shia, the majority population of Iraq. The television images of this spectacle created further ques- tions in the minds of Americans. It appeared that the Western world and the Islamic world not only looked at history differently but were doomed to stare at each other with incomprehension. If it was so difficult to understand history, then how was the West to understand Islam itself? After September 11, 2001 the question assumed more than academic relevance. It was no longer the stuff of academic debate but involved policy and practical matters relating to what Americans called a global “war on terror" involving different Muslims living in different societies. Scholars talked and wrote of an ongoing clash of civilizations between the Western world and the Islamic world. Outright preju- dices and plain ignorance were seeping into discussions of Islam.

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Foreword xi

Few in America understood the religion. After September 11, Sikhs were killed as they were mistaken for Muslims. Yet here was a civili- zation with 1.3 billion people, and America was involved with Muslims at different levels in different countries. Indeed America's "war on terror" was primarily against members of this very population. As a result of the intense interest around Islam, countless instant experts emerged to write books and commentaries. Many of these linked Islam to terrorism and violence and failed to pro- vide valid explanations of either Islamic history or society. Most of these attempted to answer the basic question being asked by Americans and echoed by President George W. Bush himself: "Why do they hate us?" The answers to this question came thick and fast but remained incomplete. Without an understanding of history it is difficult to explain Muslim behavior and impossible to understand Muslim politics.

Professor Tamara Sonn, in

Islam: A Brief History

, combines the skills of the historian with the insights of the scholar of Islam. Her history therefore is not simply about the rise and fall of dynasties but a clear and coherent picture of a dynamic, complex, and global religion. In particular, she emphasizes the great clashes of ideas that have motivated Islamic history from the earliest times. History, then, is not a random series of unconnected acts; there is a clear pattern of cause and effect as Muslims attempt to live up to a notion of an ideal society inspired by their vision of God. Professor Sonn sets the theological stage in the opening para- graph of Chapter 1. She places Islam squarely in the Abrahamic or monotheistic tradition. That opening itself indicates her sensi- tivity to both her subject and her audience: although Muslims will appreciate the reference, they will not be surprised; many Western readers will be, for not many know that Islam is closely related to the Abrahamic tradition. Indeed the last paragraph of the book, so eloquently written, once again reflects this sensitivity. In the last lines Professor Sonn quotes Sura 2, verse 177. It is in essence the definition of a good human being in the light of Quranic advice. Once again it will reassure Muslims of how well Professor Sonn has understood

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xii Foreword their religion and will no doubt inform non-Muslims of the true nature of Islam. It will also challenge many of the stereotypes of Islam depicting it as a religion of extremism and violence. In her first chapter Professor Sonn creates the ideal model of Islam. She points out the importance of compassion and toler-quotesdbs_dbs19.pdfusesText_25