A Critical Discourse Analysis of Twitter Posts on The
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Karen Adams, for her invaluable support, time and feedback to the multiple drafts of this study She has been supportive since my first days in the MA program I will forever be grateful for her insights and guidance
CLASSROOM DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
For this edition, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to M Mukhlis F A who has made all the efforts to make this book better-looking and more ’readable’, and Celtics Press for their willingness to make the publication of this edition possible My post-graduate students also deserve my gratitude for their
DISCOURSE MARKERS IN COLLOQUIAL AND FORMAL PERSIAN: A CORPUS
I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Dr Diana Boxer, for her continuous support and countless office hours she spent to guide me through my research proposal, research study, and writing of this dissertation I would like to also thank Dr George Aaron Broadwell, the co-chair of my advisory committee, for his insightful comments
The Ukraine Crisis as Represented in the News: A Critical
I would like to express my gratitude and special thanks to my thesis supervisor Dr Melissa G Moyer who was always available to discuss the content of the project and give her expert opinion on ideas and writing style I am very grateful for all the time she invested and I should admit I really appreciate the chance to learn from her
13-Positive Discourse Analysis of Hillary Clinton’s
Example (5) But I feel pride and gratitude [Positive Affect] for this wonderful campaign Example (6) I’m sorry [Negative Affect] that we did not win this election Example (7) I know how disappointed [Negative Affect] you feel because I feel it too There are nine judgment resources in the speech, accounting for the least proportion of 25
Liberté 1: Negritude et Humanisme by Léopold Sédar Senghor
This book is a valuable addition to the debate about young women and the future of feminism Reger’s major and unique contribution is to bring
DISCOURS DE SON EXCELLENCE MONSIEUR LASSEMBLEE GENERALE DE
DISCOURS DE SON EXCELLENCE MONSIEUR analyse Jassocie à cet hommage le Professeur Jeffrey SACHS et toute Cest le lieu de renouveler notre profonde gratitude aux pays qui ont atteint ou
ANALYSE LINEAIRE - WordPresscom
réalité un sens Puisque c’est un discours La Fontaine écrit comme s’il faisait un vrai discours oral politique : il fait une imitation de l’oral Cela permet de donner une vivacité au texte, le rythme change, le lecteur ne s'ennuie pas Grâce à cette forme il montre qu’il est encore une fois engagé dans cette guerre
[PDF] aimé césaire discours sur la négritude bac
[PDF] soleil et eau aimé césaire analyse
[PDF] aimé césaire poème afrique
[PDF] aimé césaire poème partir
[PDF] aimé césaire poème demain
[PDF] aimé césaire poème pdf
[PDF] soleil et eau aimé césaire
[PDF] soleil et eau aimé césaire explication
[PDF] aimé césaire poème liberté
[PDF] poème aimé césaire amour
[PDF] messages d'amour pdf
[PDF] l'amour selon la bible pdf
[PDF] mon coeur en hebreu
[PDF] different type d'amour selon la bible pdf
DISCOURSE MARKERS IN COLLOQUIAL AND FORMAL PERSIAN: A CORPUS-
BASED DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH
ByARIANA NEGAR MOHAMMADI
A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
2018© 2018 Ariana Negar Mohammadi
To my parents and brother
4ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Diana Boxer, for her continuous support and countless office hours she spent to guide me through my research proposal, research study, and writing of this dissertation. I would like to also thank Dr. George Aaron Broadwell, the co-chair of my advisory committee, for his insightful comments. I am also thankful to other members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Jorge Valdes Kroff, Dr. Fiona McLaughlin, and Dr. Taimour Langaee for their guidance and support. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Caroline Wiltshire and Dr. Ratree Wayland for their help and guidance with the prosodic considerations in this work and Dr. Zhihua Su for help with the statistical analyses in this study. I would like to also thank Ms. Kelli Grande, the office manager at the Department of Linguistics, who has been exceptionally kind, patient, and helpful. I am indebted to many people who advised and supported me, but this work would not have been possible without my parents unconditional support, and words of encouragement. I owe it all to my parents and brother for their loving presence in my life even when we were thousands of miles away. I also thank Jacob Wilkinson for his words of encouragement, emotional support, and uplifting attitude as I was working on this dissertation. Last but not least, I am grateful for the generous help of the anonymous participants who provided linguistic data for my research corpus. I am thankful for their kind and valuable contribution to my dissertation. 5TABLE OF CONTENTS
pageACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 12
LIST OF TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS ............................................................... 13ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 16
1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 16
1.2 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................ 17
...................................................................................... 221.4 Summary .......................................................................................................... 24
2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND DEFINITION OF TERMS ......................................... 26
2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 26
2.2 Discourse Marker .............................................................................................. 27
2.2.1 English Discourse Markers ...................................................................... 29
2.2.2 Persian Discourse Markers ..................................................................... 34
2.2.3 Polysemy versus Monosemy ................................................................... 39
2.2.4 Diachronic Views of Discourse Markers .................................................. 42
2.3 Discourse .......................................................................................................... 46
2.4 Discourse Analysis............................................................................................ 48
2.4.1 Corpus-Based Discourse Analysis .......................................................... 49
2.4.2 Corpus-Based Analysis of Discourse Markers ........................................ 52
2.4.2.1 Synchronic studies of discourse markers ....................................... 55
2.4.2.2 Diachronic studies of discourse markers ........................................ 58
2.4.2.3 Cross-linguistic studies of discourse markers ................................ 59
2.5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 61
3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 64
3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 64
3.2 The Corpus ....................................................................................................... 67
63.2.1 Corpus Management ............................................................................... 69
3.2.2 Sub-Corpora ............................................................................................ 70
3.2.3 Genres ..................................................................................................... 75
3.2.3.1 Personal conversation .................................................................... 77
3.2.3.2 Interview ......................................................................................... 78
3.2.3.3 Public speech ................................................................................. 78
3.2.3.4 Debate and panel discussion ......................................................... 79
3.2.3.5 News reportage .............................................................................. 80
3.2.3.6 Screen script .................................................................................. 80
3.2.3.7 Broadcast narrative ........................................................................ 81
3.2.3.8 Academic writing ............................................................................ 82
3.2.3.9 Legal document ............................................................................. 82
3.2.3.10 Newspaper ................................................................................... 82
3.2.3.11 Fiction .......................................................................................... 83
3.2.3.12 e-Discourse .................................................................................. 83
3.2.4 Transcription and Markup ........................................................................ 86
3.3 Data Analysis .................................................................................................... 88
3.3.1 Corpus Analysis Tools ............................................................................. 89
3.3.1.1 Frequency list and keyness value .................................................. 90
3.3.1.2 Dispersion value ............................................................................ 92
3.3.1.3 Concordance .................................................................................. 92
3.3.1.4 Collocation and n-grams ................................................................ 93
3.3.2 Discourse Analysis Inquiries .................................................................... 95
3.4 Points of Consideration ..................................................................................... 99
3.5 Summary ........................................................................................................ 103
4 XOB A VERSATILE DISCOURSE MARKER ..................................................... 106
4.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 106
4.2 Distributional Properties of Xob ...................................................................... 109
4.2.1 Collocations of Xob................................................................................ 114
4.2.2 The Special Case of Xeile ..................................................................... 119
4.3 Functional Properties of Xob ........................................................................... 122
4.3.1 Floor Negotiation ................................................................................... 122
4.3.2 Topic Management ................................................................................ 128
4.3.3 Interposition ........................................................................................... 131
4.3.4 Attitudinal Functions .............................................................................. 133
4.4 Sociolinguistic Variations of Xob ..................................................................... 138
4.4.1 Role of Communicative Goal ................................................................. 140
4.4.2 Role of Gender ...................................................................................... 145
4.5 Formal Properties of Xob ................................................................................ 147
4.5.1 Position .................................................................................................. 148
4.5.2 Prosody ................................................................................................. 150
4.6 Summary ........................................................................................................ 155
5 AXE AND KE ADVERSATIVE DISCOURSE MARKERS .................................. 157
75.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 157
5.2 Distributional Properties of Adversative Markers ............................................ 161
5.2.1 Collocations of Axe ................................................................................ 164
5.2.2 The Special Case of Collocation with Mage .......................................... 165
5.3 Functional Properties of Adversative Markers ................................................ 170
5.3.1 Functions of Axe .................................................................................... 170
5.3.1.1 Adversativity ................................................................................. 170
5.3.1.2 Extenuation .................................................................................. 176
5.3.2 Functions of Ke ..................................................................................... 178
5.3.2.1 Adversativity ................................................................................. 178
5.3.2.2 Anticipation .................................................................................. 181
5.4 Sociolinguistic Variations of Adversative Markers ........................................... 185
5.4.1 Axe in Debates ...................................................................................... 187
5.4.2 Axe in Conversations and Interviews..................................................... 189
5.4.3 Axe in Fictions and Screen Scripts ........................................................ 189
5.4.4 Axe in Social Media ............................................................................... 190
5.4.5 Axe across Genders .............................................................................. 190
5.5 Formal Properties of Adversative Markers ...................................................... 191
5.5.1 Position and Prosody of Axe ................................................................. 192
5.5.2 Position and Prosody of Ke ................................................................... 194
5.6 Summary ........................................................................................................ 196
6 DIGE, TAZE, AND HALA MARKERS OF FOCUS MANAGEMENT .................. 200
6.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 200
6.2 Distributional Properties of Focus Management Markers ............................... 206
6.2.1 Collocations of Focus Management Markers ........................................ 210
6.2.2 Bidirectional Collocations of Hala and Dige ........................................... 212
6.3 Functional Properties of Focus Management Markers .................................... 213
6.3.1 Functions of Dige .................................................................................. 214
6.3.1.1 Focus management ..................................................................... 215
6.3.1.2 Indexing obviousness................................................................... 217
6.3.1.3 Dismissal ...................................................................................... 221
6.3.2 Functions of Taze .................................................................................. 223
6.3.3 Functions of Hala .................................................................................. 225
6.3.3.1. Focus management .................................................................... 225
6.3.3.2 Dismissal ...................................................................................... 227
6.4 Sociolinguistic Variations of Focus Management Markers .............................. 229
6.5 Formal Properties of Focus Management Markers ......................................... 232
6.6 Summary ........................................................................................................ 236
7 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 239
7.1 Summary of Findings ...................................................................................... 239
7.2 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 244
7.4 Implications ..................................................................................................... 249
7.4 Future Directions............................................................................................. 252
87.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................................................................... 254
APPENDIX
A CORPUS MEDTADATA ....................................................................................... 256
B WORDLIST WITH KEYNESS VALUES ................................................................ 273C COLLOCATIONS OF XOB ................................................................................... 274
D WORD SKETCH OF XOB .................................................................................... 275
E PROSODY OF XOB ............................................................................................. 276
F COLLOCATIONS OF AXE .................................................................................... 279
G WORD SKETCH OF AXE ..................................................................................... 281
H COLLOCATIONS OF DIGE .................................................................................. 282
I WORD SKETCH OF DIGE ................................................................................... 284
LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 285
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 295
9LIST OF TABLES
Table page
3-1 The composition of the General Corpus of Persian ............................................ 68
3-2 Conjugation of tavanestan ................. 72
3-3 The degree of colloquialism of text categories in the corpus .............................. 74
4-1 The distribution of xob in the corpus ................................................................. 110
4-2 Top collocates of xob in the corpus .................................................................. 115
4-3 The distributions of xeili, xeile, besyar and their clusters in the corpus ............ 120
4-4 The distribution of xob across genders ............................................................. 146
5-1 The distribution of axe in the corpus ................................................................. 161
5-2 Top collocates of axe in the corpus .................................................................. 164
5-3 Frequencies of adversative content words ....................................................... 188
5-4 The distribution of axe across genders ............................................................. 191
6-1 The distribution of taze in the corpus ................................................................ 206
6-2 The distribution of hala in the corpus ................................................................ 208
6-3 The distribution of dige and digar in the corpus ................................................ 210
6-4 Top collocates of dige in the corpus ................................................................. 211
6-5 Frequencies of the lemmas dige, taze, hala across genders ............................ 231
7-1 The functional spectrum of Persian discourse markers .................................... 243
A-1 Corpus metadata .............................................................................................. 256
B-1 Wordlist with keyness values ............................................................................ 273
C-1 Collocates of xob .............................................................................................. 274
D-1 Word sketch of xob ........................................................................................... 275
F-1 Collocates of axe .............................................................................................. 279
G-1 Word sketch of axe ........................................................................................... 281
10H-1 Collocates of dige ............................................................................................. 282
I-1 Word sketch of dige .......................................................................................... 284
11LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page
4-1 The frequency and dispersion plot of xob in personal conversations ............... 112
4-2 Different functions of xob across various genres .............................................. 139
4-3 Different functions of xob across genders ........................................................ 146
4-4 Different prosodies of xob within one subject (Praat image) ............................. 152
5-1 The distribution of ke in the corpus ................................................................... 163
5-2 The functional distribution of axe in the corpus................................................. 186
6-1 .............................................................. 214
6-2 Discourse management markers across different channels ............................. 230
6-3 Prosody of final dige as a discourse marker and non-discourse marker .......... 235
E-1 The pronunciations of xob by subject 1 ............................................................ 276
E-2 The pronunciations of xob by subject 2 ............................................................ 277
E-3 The pronunciations of xob by subject 3 ............................................................ 278
12LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACC AUX COMP DMAccusative
Auxiliary
Complementizer
Discourse marker
GE NP PL PRO RELGeneral extender
Noun phrase
Plural
Progressive
Relativizer
SG Singular
13LIST OF TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS
. Terminative intonation (typically at the end of declarative sentences) , Continuative intonation / Rising intonation (typically at the end of interrogative sentences)Pause, short (untimed)
Pause, long (untimed)
< word > Raised voice for emphasisNew paragraph (in written discourse) {word}