[PDF] Chapter 4: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 4 Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry ➢The International System of Units (SI) is based on 7 fundamental base units ➢Numerous other useful

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LABORATORY TECHNIQUE, MATERIALS AND FUNDAMENTAL OPERATION 7 31 Analytical chemistry – science field evolving and adapting methods, devices and Calculation of solution's molar equivalent concentration (normality )

Chapter 4:

Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry

In this chapter, we describe several methods used

to compute the results of a quantitative analysis. SI system of units and the distinction between mass and weight. the mole, a measure of the amount of a chemical substance. the various ways that concentrations of solutions are expressed.

Finally, we treat chemical stoichiometry.

4ASomeimportantunitsofmeasurement

4A-1SIUnits

¾Numerousotherusefulunits,suchas

fromthesebaseunits.

¾Toexpresssmallorlargemeasured

quantitiesintermsofafewsimpledigits, pre-fixesareusedwiththesebaseunitsand otherderivedunits. areusedintheSIsystem. milliliterisdefinedas10-6m3,or1cm3.

4A-2TheDistinctionBetweenMassandWeight

For example, a crucible weighs less in Denver than in AtlanticCity however, massremains constant regardless of where you measure it. wistheweightofanobject, misitsmass,and gistheaccelerationduetogravity. morestandardmasses. mgw

4A-3TheMole

substance. 12C. substance.

Themolarmassofglucoseis:

x x xM mnamountX

4A-4TheMillimole

1mmol=10-3mol,and103mmol=1mol

4BSolutionsandtheirconcentrations

4B-1ConcentrationofSolutions

thesolvent). dimensionsofmol/L,ormolL-1. ofsolution. V ncx xtersvolumeinli utemolesofsolntrationmolarconce prepared. equilibrium. solvent. concentration. For example, the molar equilibriumconcentration of H2SO4in a solution with a molar analytical concentration, cH2SO4= 1 M, is actually 0.0 M, because the sulfuric acid is completely dissociatedinto a mixture of H+, HSO4-, SO4-2 ions. There are essentially no H2SO4moleculesin this solution. The equilibrium concentrations of the ions are 1.01, 0.99, and 0.01M, respectively. solution.

Ex.,[H2SO4]=0.00M;

[H+]=1.01M. [SO4-2]=0.01Mand[HSO4-2]=0.99M

PercentConcentration

percentisvolumeconcentration. withanotherliquid. diluteaqueoussolutionsofsolidreagents. %100, %100)/( %100)/( u u mLtionvolumesolu gteweightsoluvwentvolumepercweight tionvolumesolu tevolumesoluvventvolumeperc tionweightsolu teweightsoluwwentweightperc

Partspermillionandpartsperbillion

thousandaremassconcentrations. expressconcentration: oceanography. ppmtionmassofsolu temassofsolucppm 610

Solution-DiluentVolumeRatios

dilutingit. concentratedhydrochloricacid. p-Functions pX=-log[X]

DensityandSpecificGravityofSolutions

volumeofwater. unit specificgravityinterchangeably. isspecifiedonthelabel. reagent. dildilconcdconcdcVcV u

4CChemicalstoichiometry

chemicalspecies. equation.

EmpiricalFormulasandMolecularFormulas

chemicalcompound. theircommonmolecularformula.

4C-2StoichiometricCalculations

equation

2NaI(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)PbI2(s)+2NaNO3(aq)

aqueoussodiumnitrate. molesofproductthatforms. fromitsmolarmass. Figure 4-2 Flow diagram for making stoichiometric calculations.

[PDF] [PDF] Chapter 4: Calculations Used in Analytical Chemistry