Biotechnology has various applications, including producing therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production..
The development of insulin, the growth hormone, molecular identity and diagnostics, gene therapies and vaccines such as hepatitis B are some of the milestones of biotechnology and its alliance with genetic engineering..
Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society.
Biotechnology, often referred to as biotech, has existed since the beginning of civilization with the domestication of plants, animals and the discovery of fermentation..
Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms.
Biotechnology involves pure biological sciences like animal cell culture, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, and molecular biology.
Modern usage also includes genetic engineering and cell tissue culture technologies..
Ø Restriction endonuclease enzyme cleaves the DNA only at recognition sequence. Ø A recognition sequence is a nucleotide sequence composed of 4, 6, or 8 nucleotidesthat is recognized by a restriction endonuclease. Ø Recognition sequences are palindromicnucleotide sequence. ØA palindromic sequence is a base pair sequence in DNA that can be read same.
Ø Restriction enzymes: Used for cutting DNA Ø DNA Ligase: Used for linking or joining DNA molecules Ø DNA polymerase: Used for gene cloning or for making multiple copies of DNA
Ø The restriction modification system (RM system) found in bacteria and other prokaryoticorganisms provides defense against foreign DNA. Ø It involves the action of two enzymes – Restriction Enzyme and Modification Enzyme (a).
Restriction Enzyme ØIt recognizes the foreign DNA and cleaves it into fragments at specific points ØThus, it destroys the f.
ØExample: EcoRI Ø EcoRI was isolated from the bacterium Escherichia coli RY 13 Ø E –Taken from the genus name Escherichia Ø Co – Taken from the specific epithet (species name) coli ØR – Taken from the name of the strain RY 13 ØI – It was the first endonuclease isolated from the strain RY 13
(a).
Restriction enzymes: Used for cutting DNA (b).
DNA Ligase: Used for linking or joining DNA molecules (c).
DNA polymerase: Used for gene cloning or for producing multiple copies of DNA (d).
Vectors: These are vehicles used to transfer a gene from one cell to another (e).
Host organism/cell: The recombinant DNA (having the desired alien DNA) can.
Ø Each restriction enzyme recognizes a specific DNAsequence of six base pairs and cut the DNA molecule at this point. Ø This specific base pair sequence is called recognition sequence or restriction site.
Dear Higher Secondary Plus Two Students, Welcome to EasyBiologyClass.com.
Here you can find the links for Plus Two Botany Focus Area Notes prepared by the experts of our team.
Notes are arranged chapter-wise according to the NCERT Biology textbook for easy navigation.
Ø Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyerin 1972 Ø They linked a gene encoding antibiotic resistance to the native plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium.
(a).
Genetic engineering Ø It is the technique to alter (or manipulate) the genetic make-up (DNA/RNA) of an organism Ø Change in genotypechanges the phenotype (b).
Maintenance of sterile ambience in chemical engineering processes ØOnly the desired organisms should grow to produce the specific product ØTo ensure this, sterile ambience should be main.
