How does myelination affect cognitive development?
Throughout early neurodevelopment, myelination helps provide the foundation for brain connectivity and supports the emergence of cognitive and behavioral functioning..
Is sphingomyelin found in the brain?
Phosphosphingolipids.
The sphingomyelins are structurally similar to phosphatidylcholine but contain N-acylsphingosine (ceramide) instead of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (Figure 17.3).
They occur in high concentration in myelin and in the brain, and are a nearly ubiquitous constituent of membranes..
What are the benefits of sphingomyelin?
Sphingomyelin plays an important role in cognitive development via its structural and functional involvement in CNS myelination.
Infancy and early childhood are critical windows for brain growth and cognitive development..
What are the functions of sphingomyelin?
These include involvement in the regulation of endocytosis and receptor-mediated ligand uptake, in ion channel and G-protein coupled receptor function, in protein sorting, and functioning as receptor molecules for various bacterial toxins, and for non-bacterial pore-forming toxins..
What is present in sphingomyelin?
Sphingomyelins (SM) consist of sphingosine (a dihydroxy amine) bonded to one fatty acid at the NH2 function and one polar head group, such as phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine, at the CH2OH function..
What is the biological function of sphingomyelin?
These include involvement in the regulation of endocytosis and receptor-mediated ligand uptake, in ion channel and G-protein coupled receptor function, in protein sorting, and functioning as receptor molecules for various bacterial toxins, and for non-bacterial pore-forming toxins..
What is the main function of sphingomyelin?
The biological function of sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin is very important for maintaining cell membrane structure, especially the micro-control function of the cell membrane (such as membrane invagination)..
What is the role of sphingomyelin in brain development?
Sphingomyelin (SM) supports brain myelination, a process closely associated with cognitive maturation.
The presence of SM in breast milk suggests a role in infant nutrition; however, little is known about SM contribution to healthy cognitive development..
What is the significance of sphingomyelin?
Sphingomyelin is mainly located on cell membranes, lipoproteins (especially LDL) and other lipid-rich tissue structures.
Sphingomyelin is very important for maintaining cell membrane structure, especially the micro-control function of the cell membrane (such as membrane invagination)..
Where is sphingomyelin found?
Sphingomyelin is abundant in the outer leaflet of cell plasma membranes where it with cholesterol forms lipid rafts, which serve as platforms for proteins and protein assemblies involved in signal transduction.
Additionally, SM is the most abundant sphingolipid in plasma lipoproteins..
Why is sphingomyelin important?
Sphingomyelin is mainly located on cell membranes, lipoproteins (especially LDL) and other lipid-rich tissue structures.
Sphingomyelin is very important for maintaining cell membrane structure, especially the micro-control function of the cell membrane (such as membrane invagination)..
- Acid sphingomyelinase is found in the lysosome (where the pH of the internal lysosomal environment is about 5) and it degrades sphingomyelin when it is transported to this organelle.
Mutation that inactivates or weakens the activity of this enzyme can lead to the lysosomal storage disease, NPD. - Receptors for S1P are endothelial (S1P1R), smooth muscle (S1P2R), vascular (S1P3R), hematopoietic (S1P4R), and neuronal (S1P5R).
Figure 9.64. (A) Pathway of conversion of sphingomyelin to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) shown in the center. - Sphingomyelin in cellular membranes may have several important roles related to atherogenesis.
A number of findings suggest that excess sphingomyelin in late endosomes suppresses cholesterol trafficking from that organelle. - Sphingomyelin plays an important role in cognitive development via its structural and functional involvement in CNS myelination.
Infancy and early childhood are critical windows for brain growth and cognitive development. - Sphingomyelins (SM) consist of sphingosine (a dihydroxy amine) bonded to one fatty acid at the NH2 function and one polar head group, such as phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine, at the CH2OH function.
