In copyright law what is fair use

Fair use is a doctrine in United States law that permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder. Wikipedia

Under the fair use doctrine of the U.S. copyright statute, it is permissible to use limited portions of a work including quotes, for purposes such as commentary, criticism, news reporting, and scholarly reports.

How big is the fine if you break copyright law?

Willful violations under the act can carry up to 10 years in federal prison and a $1 million fine.

Is fair use a defense to copyright infringement?

These rights are limited in several ways, including:

by the doctrine of fair use

which serves as a defense in a copyright infringement lawsuit.
The doctrine is codified in Section 107 of the Copyright Act, which lists various types of reproduction that the law considers fair.

Toward a Fair Use Standard, 103 Harv.
L.
Rev. 1105 (1990), is a law review article on the fair use doctrine in US copyright law, written by then-District Court Judge Pierre N.
Leval.
The article argued that the most critical element of the fair use analysis is the transformativeness of a work, the first of the statutory factors listed in the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. external text>§ 107.

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