Cultural history of racism

Covert racism is a form of racial discrimination that is disguised and subtle, rather than public or obvious.
Concealed in the fabric of society, covert racism discriminates against individuals through often evasive or seemingly passive methods.
Covert, racially biased decisions are often hidden or rationalized with an explanation that society is more willing to accept.
These racial biases cause a variety of problems that work to empower the suppressors while diminishing the rights and powers of the oppressed.
Covert racism often works subliminally, and much of the discrimination is done subconsciously.

Hipster racism is engaging in behaviors typically regarded as racist and defending them as being performed ironically or satirically.
Rachel Dubrofsky and Megan W.
Wood have described it as being supposedly too hip and self-aware to actually mean the racist stuff one expresses.
This might include wearing blackface and other performances of stereotyped African Americans, use of the word nigger, and appropriating cultural dress.
Talia Meer argues that hipster racism is rooted in what she calls hipster exceptionalism, meaning the idea that something ordinarily offensive or prejudiced is miraculously transformed into something clever, funny and socially relevant, by the assertion that said ordinarily offensive thing is ironic or satirical. As Leslie A.
Hahner and Scott J.
Varda described it, those participating in acts of hipster racism understand those acts as racist when practiced by others, but rationalize their own racist performances through a presumed exceptionalism.

Internalized racism is a form of internalized oppression, defined by sociologist Karen D.
Pyke as the internalization of racial oppression by the racially subordinated. In her study The Psychology of Racism, Robin Nicole Johnson emphasizes that internalized racism involves both conscious and unconscious acceptance of a racial hierarchy in which whites are consistently ranked above people of color. These definitions encompass a wide range of instances, including, but not limited to, belief in negative stereotypes, adaptations to white cultural standards, and thinking that supports the status quo.

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.
Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices.
The ideology underlying racist practices often assumes that humans can be subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as inferior or superior.
Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life.
Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, and related social phenomena.

Racism in Spain can be traced back to any historical era, during which social, economic and political conflicts have efficiently been justified by racial differences, be it in the form of racism as an ideology or in the form of racism as simple attitudes or behaviors towards those who are perceived as being different.
More common than racism per se are the attitudes linked to xenophobia and nationalism, as well as religious and/or linguistic-cultural hatred.

Societal racism is a type of racism based on a set of institutional, historical, cultural and interpersonal practices within a society that places one or more social or ethnic groups in a better position to succeed and disadvantages other groups so that disparities develop between the groups.
Societal racism has also been called structural racism, because, according to Carl E.
James, society is structured in a way that excludes substantial numbers of people from minority backgrounds from taking part in social institutions.
Societal racism is sometimes referred to as systemic racism as well.