A typical turnout has an outer shell, a moisture barrier, and then one, two, or three layers of fabric that make up the thermal lining package. Air is trapped in these thermal layers to insulate the firefighter from heat.
May 3, 2022Demographic change continues to steadily reshape the American electorate, but the barriers to emerging groups gaining political powerÂ
Overview
Demographic change continues to steadily reshape the American electorate
A rapidly diversifying electorate
One of the study’s most important conclusions draws little dispute: its forecast that the potential electorate will continue to diversify
What to make of study’s conclusions
How did the study reach such different conclusions from other analysts about turnout rates? The answer is that all studies, when calculating turnout
How is voter turnout operationalized?
In the empirical literature, turnout is mainly operationalized in two ways: (1) turnout as the percentage of registered voters that cast their ballot at a given election (RV turnout); or (2) turnout as the percentage of the voting-age population that turned out at an election (VAP turnout) (e
g
Boulding 2010; Indridason 2008 )
What factors affect voter turnout?
Voting systems are another factor: countries with proportional representation, where parties win seats according to the proportion of votes they receive, tend to have higher turnout [PDF] than those with winner-take-all systems, such as in the United States, in which the majority party in a given electoral district wins all the seats
What happened to the voter turnout gap?
The graph below shows that after reaching that record low in 2012, the turnout gap expanded once again between white voters and nonwhite voters, reaching 12
6 percentage points in the 2016 presidential election and 12
5 in 2020
The graph also shows a decrease in nonwhite voter turnout between the 2008 and 2012 elections
Demographic obstacles to voter turnout
American nonprofit political organization
The Voter Participation Center (VPC) is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that seeks to increase voter registration among young people, people of color, and unmarried women, a group it calls The New American Majority. Its sister organization, the Center for Voter Information, is a 501(c)(4) organization that conducts get-out-the-vote campaigns. VPC runs a large direct mail program, sending voter registration materials to targeted voters. It also produces research material on demographic and voting trends. Between 2004 and 2020, they registered more than 4 million voters. Some election officials and campaigns have contested the group's methods of voter registration and voter turnout.
In political science
Percentage of a country's eligible voters who actually vote within elections
In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate of a given election. This is typically either the percentage of registered voters, eligible voters, or all voting-age people. According to Stanford University political scientists Adam Bonica and Michael McFaul, there is a consensus among political scientists that democracies perform better when more people vote.
Voter turnout in Canada is lowest for young voters. A general decline in electoral participation among the under-35 population has been observed in many democratic countries around the world, especially in Canada. The youngest age cohort did experience a bump upwards in estimated voter turnout from 37% in the 2004 federal general election to 43.8% for the election that followed, before descending to 37.4% for the 2008 federal general election. Participation in provincial elections for youth aged 18 to 24 was 28% in 2001. However, in the 2005 provincial election, the turnout in this age group increased to 35%. In 2015 youth participation reached a record high at 57.1%. Evidently, low voter turnout of young Canadians has generated a great deal of concern.
