Asha et al. conducted a review of 560 digital panoramic radiographs in 2018. 21 They found the most common errors in order by percentage of occurrence were:
1. Chin tipped too high, 2. Head twisted, 3. Chin tipped too low, 4. Head too far backward, 5. Tongue not on palate, 6. Slump spine, and 7. Head too far forward. 21Errors in machine operation: Excessive milliamperage Excessive kilovoltage Excessive time Film_ source distance too short processing errors:
Accidental exposure to light Inadequate fixation High developer temp. High developer conc. High developing timeCervical burnout or blackening of the neck of the tooth can happen in overexposure. Technical errors can occur at any stage in dental radiology. This can be due to film placement, patient positioning, angle of the x-ray beam, exposure, processing, storage or any combinations of the above.
Among these
errors, the most common are: releasing the exposure button temporarily (not possible with newer machines), changing the exposure setting during exposure, or not having the cassette properly inserted into the machine. Cassettes should be inserted with the smooth, flat side facing the
X-
ray tube.