Xenobiotics biochemistry

What are the biochemical importance of xenobiotics?
Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes usually mediate detoxification but can form reactive intermediates causing toxicity..
What are xenobiotics and its types?
The term xenobiotic is derived from the Greek words ξένος (xenos) = foreigner, stranger and βίος (bios) = life, plus the Greek suffix for adjectives -τικός, -ή, -όν (-tikos, -ē, -on).
Xenobiotics may be grouped as carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, food additives, hydrocarbons, and pesticides..
What is the definition and classification of xenobiotics?
Xenobiotics are defined as “chemicals found but not produced in organisms or the environment.
Some naturally occurring chemicals (endobiotics) become xenobiotics when present in the environment at excessive concentrations” [21]..
What is the function of the xenobiotics?
Xenobiotic receptors are an important class of activator protein that mediate the toxicity of a number of important chemicals including dioxin, peroxisome proliferators, xenoestrogens, heavy metals, and a variety of clinically relevant drugs..
What is the mechanism action of xenobiotics?
Organic xenobiotics are biotransformed in several organs including the liver being the most important one.
Organic xenobiotics absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract must pass through the liver, where they can be biotransformed and thus eliminated before being distributed to other parts of the body..
What is the principle of xenobiotics?
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Point 1 Xenobiotic biotransformation or drug metabolism is the process of converting lipophilic (fat-soluble) chemicals, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and other sites, into hydrophilic (water-soluble) chemicals, which are readily excreted in urine or bile..
What is the process of xenobiotics?
Drug metabolism, sometimes called xenobiotic metabolism, is the process of biotransforming less polar compounds into more polar compounds that can be excreted more easily.
Biotransformation typically occurs through a series of enzymatic reactions involving the cytochrome P450 system..
What is the purpose of xenobiotic?
Xenobiotics have been defined as chemicals to which an organism is exposed that are extrinsic to the normal metabolism of that organism.
Without metabolism, many xenobiotics would reach toxic concentrations.
Most metabolic activity inside the cell requires energy, cofactors, and enzymes in order to occur..
What is xenobiotic also known as?
Xenobiotic means 'foreign to life'.
It is a term applied to many recalcitrant organic chemicals.
These are synthetic chemicals and are not found in nature..
Where are xenobiotics metabolized?
The liver is the principal site of drug metabolism; moreover, hepatic metabolic CL is the predominant elimination route for oral marketed drugs.
The most important drug metabolism enzyme family is cytochrome P-450, a superfamily of membrane-bound isoenzymes that catalyses the oxidation of many drugs..
Where do xenobiotics come from?
Wastewater treatment plants that are ineffective at minimizing the release of xenobiotic compounds are one of the main sources of xenobiotics in the environment (e.g., xenobiotic compounds reach the environment, affecting both humans and animals)..
Why is xenobiotic metabolism important?
Xenobiotic metabolism functions primarily to increase the polarity of xenobiotics, making them easier to excrete.
With passive transport, molecules cross biological membranes without the consumption of chemical energy..
Drug metabolism, sometimes called xenobiotic metabolism, is the process of biotransforming less polar compounds into more polar compounds that can be excreted more easily.
Biotransformation typically occurs through a series of enzymatic reactions involving the cytochrome P450 system.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Point 1 Xenobiotic biotransformation or drug metabolism is the process of converting lipophilic (fat-soluble) chemicals, which are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and other sites, into hydrophilic (water-soluble) chemicals, which are readily excreted in urine or bile.
Xenobiotic metabolism can be defined as chemical transformation by a biological system usually via DMEs, which typically converts relatively lipophilic compounds into more readily excreted hydrophilic metabolites.
Xenobiotics (meaning “foreign to life”) are a group of organic chemicals which are synthetic and mostly recalcitrant in nature.
They are structurally complex and contain elements or groups which are rare.

A foreign compound or xenobiotic is defined as a chemical compound or substance found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in that particular organism (Williams, 1959). A foreign compound that readily comes to mind is penicillin.

A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual.

Hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics by first activating them (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and/or hydration of the xenobiotic), and then conjugating the active secondary metabolite with glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid, or glutathione, followed by excretion in bile or urine.

Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.

Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, AbstractINTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONS AND

Do humans eat xenobiotics?

BACKGROUND Humans ingest a multitude of smallmolecules that are foreign to the body (xenobiotics), including:

dietary components

environmental chemicals

and pharmaceuticals.

How do microorganisms affect xenobiotic toxicity & bioavailability?

The microorganisms that inhabit the human gut alter the chemical structures of ingested compounds, including:

dietary components

industrial chemicals

and drugs.
These changes affect xenobiotic toxicity, biological activity, and bioavailability.
The gut microbial enzymes responsible for many of these transformations are poorly understood.

How is xenobiotic metabolism achieved?

Xenobiotic metabolism is generally achieved by phase I and phase II enzymes, either working together or separately depending on the chemical entity.
Phase I enzymes are responsible for reactions involving oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis to yield a polar water-soluble metabolite.

What does xenobiotic mean?

The term xenobiotic is derived from the Greek words ξένος (xenos) = foreigner, stranger and βίος (bios) = life, plus the Greek suffix for adjectives -τικός, -ή, -όν (-tikos, -ē, -on).
Xenobiotics may be grouped as carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, food additives, hydrocarbons, and pesticides.

Receptor that binds xenobiotics

Xenobiotics biochemistry

What are the biochemical importance of xenobiotics?

What are xenobiotics and its types?

What is the definition and classification of xenobiotics?

What is the function of the xenobiotics?

What is the mechanism action of xenobiotics?

What is the principle of xenobiotics?

What is the process of xenobiotics?

What is the purpose of xenobiotic?

What is xenobiotic also known as?

Where are xenobiotics metabolized?

Where do xenobiotics come from?

Why is xenobiotic metabolism important?

Do humans eat xenobiotics?

How do microorganisms affect xenobiotic toxicity & bioavailability?

How is xenobiotic metabolism achieved?

What does xenobiotic mean?