Answer Table for the Multiple-Choice Questions - UNLV Physics www physics unlv edu/~jeffery/course/c_concep/homewk/home01 pdf Conceptual Physics NAME: Homework 1a: Classical Mechanics Homeworks are due usually a day after the corresponding textbook part/lecture is completed
5) Subject: Physics Course: US05CPHY01 Classical Mechanics www vpscience org/materials/Question 20Bank 20US05CPHY01 20Unit 201 20to 204 20PMP pdf V P & R P T P SCIENCE COLLEGE, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, BY: DR P M PATEL Classical Mechanics Question Bank UNIT: I Multiple choice questions:
Physics-M Sc_ -PHY4102-Classical-Mechanics pdf www tccollege org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Physics-M Sc_ -PHY4102-Classical-Mechanics pdf Classical Mechanics [PHY4102] 2)Short Answer questions Compare Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation and discuss the advantages
A Level Physics MCQs ncjindalps com/ pdf /PHYSICS/A 20Level 20Physics 20Quiz 20Questions 20Answers 20- 20Arshad 20Iqbal pdf Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (Quiz & Tests Chapter 6: Circular Motion in Physics MCQs Chapter 25: Physics Problems AS Level MCQs
Multiple Choice Question www dnyanasadhanacollege org/mcq/TYBsc/physics/Semistor 20- 20VI 20Physics 20Paper 20IV 20 20Theory 20of 20Relativity-1 pdf ing to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, laws of physics can be In the classical mechanics the kinetic expression of a particle of mass m
TY BSC Semester VI paper 1 Subject: Physics Classical Mechanics www dnyanasadhanacollege org/mcq/TYBsc/physics/Semester 20VI 20Physics 20Paper 20I 20Classical 20Mechanics pdf (13)According to Kepler's first law of planetary motion each planet describes an ellipse ______ (a) with the earth at one focus(b) with the sun at one
Multiple Choice Questions with Explanatory Answers - Kopykitab www kopykitab com/ebooks/2015/01/3938/sample/sample pdf Classical Mechanics—Conservation laws; Central forces; Kepler problem and planetary motion; collisions and scattering in laboratory and centre of mass frames;
Lecture Notes on Classical Mechanics for Physics 106ab Sunil www astro caltech edu/~golwala/ph106ab/ph106ab_notes pdf Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, Sections 1 1 and 1 2 If so desired, apply initial conditions to obtain the full solution Example 1 1
Conceptual Physics NAME: Homework 1a: Classical Mechanics Homeworks are due usually a day after the corresponding textbook part/lecture is completed
Question Bank UNIT: I Multiple choice questions: (1) The gravitational force between two masses is ______ (a) Repulsive (b) Attractive (c)Zero (d) Infinity
Classical Mechanics [PHY4102] 2)Short Answer questions Compare Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation and discuss the advantages
(13)According to Kepler's first law of planetary motion each planet describes an ellipse ______ (a) with the earth at one focus(b) with the sun at one focus
Textbook: Classical Mechanics by John R Taylor (University Science Books You will have until 11:55 pm on Tuesday to submit your answers form: http:// www utsc utoronto ca/∼registrar/resources/ pdf _general/UTSCmedicalcertificate pdf
ΛЊΜ ŷĻ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷǞƚ ƒğƭƭĻƭ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ wĻƦǒƌƭźǝĻ ΛĬΜ !ƷƷƩğĭƷźǝĻ
ΛĭΜĻƩƚ ΛķΜ LƓŅźƓźƷǤΛЋΜ ŷĻ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ǒƓźǝĻƩƭğƌ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ D źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ЍЋ bƒЋΉYŭЋ ΛĬΜЏ͵ЏАќЊЉњЊЊ bƒЋΉYŭЋ
ΛĭΜ В͵БЊĭƒΉƭĻĭ Ћ ΛķΜ Џ͵ЏАќЊЉΏЊЊ bƒЋΉYŭЋΛЌΜ ŷĻ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦĻƩƒźƷƷźǝźƷǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǝğĭǒǒƒ
Љ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗЊЋ ĭƚǒƌΉbƒЋ ΛĬΜ Б͵ЊќЊЉЊЋ ĭƚǒƌЋΉbƒЋ
ΏЊЋ ĭƚǒƌЋΉbƒЋ ΛķΜ Б͵ВќЊЉЊЋ ĭƚǒƌЋΉbƒЋ
ΛЍΜ ŷĻ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƭƷğƷźĭ ŅƚƩĭĻƭ ğƩĻ ǝĻƩǤ ƒǒĭŷ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ
źƓƷĻƩğĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğƷƚƒźĭ ğƓķ ƭǒĬğƷƚƒźĭ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻƭ͵
ΛğΜ tƚƚƩ ΛĬΜ {ƷƩƚƓŭĻƩ ΛĭΜ 9ƨǒğƌ ΛķΜ [ƚǞĻƩΛЎΜ ŷĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƦƚźƓƷ ĭŷğƩŭĻ Ņğƌƌƭ ƚŅŅ ğƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛЏΜ ŷĻ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ķźƦƚƌĻ Ņğƌƌƭ ƚŅŅ ğƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛАΜ ŷĻ ŅźĻƌķ źƓƷĻƓƭźƷǤ ƚŅ ğ ķźƦƚƌĻ ǝğƩźĻƭ ğƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛБΜ ŷĻ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƭƷğƷźĭ ŅƚƩĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷǞƚ ǒƓƌźƉĻ ĭŷğƩŭĻƭ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźǝĻΛĭ Μ ƩĻƦǒƌƭźǝĻ ΛķΜ źƓŅźƓźƷǤ
ΛВΜ ŷĻ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƭƷğƷźĭ ŅƚƩĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷǞƚ ƌźƉĻ ĭŷğƩŭĻƭ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ ğƷƷƩğĭƷźǝĻΛĭ Μ ƩĻƦǒƌƭźǝĻ ΛķΜ źƓŅźƓźƷǤ
ΛЊЉΜ ŷĻ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ źƓ ğ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ ŅźĻƌķ͵
ΛğΜ ĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ bƚƷ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĻķΛĭ Μ źƓŅźƓźƷǤ ΛķΜ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĻķ
ΛЊЊΜ ŷĻ ğƩĻğƌ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ğ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ ŅźĻƌķ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĻķΛĭ Μ źƓŅźƓźƷǤ ΛķΜ bƚƷ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĻķ
2 V.P.& R.P.T.P.SCIENCE COLLEGE, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, BY: DR.P.M.PATELΛЊЋΜ !Ʒ ƷŷĻ ƷǒƩƓźƓŭ ƦƚźƓƷ źƓ ğƓ ğƩĬźƷƩğƩǤ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ŅźĻƌķ ƷŷĻ Ʃğķźğƌ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ Њ Λĭ Μ źƓŅźƓźƷǤ ΛķΜЊΉЋΛЊЌΜ CƚƩ ŷǤƦĻƩĬƚƌźĭ ƚƩĬźƷ ƷŷĻ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ƚŅ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ 9 ğƓķ ĻĭĭĻƓƷƩźĭźƷǤ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ 9ўЉ ğƓķ ॷЊ ΛĬΜ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ॷЊ
Λĭ Μ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ўЊ ΛķΜ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ўЉ
ΛЊЍΜ CƚƩ ƦğƩğĬƚƌźĭ ƚƩĬźƷ ƷŷĻ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ƚŅ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ 9 ğƓķ ĻĭĭĻƓƷƩźĭźƷǤ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ 9ўЉ ğƓķ ўЊ ΛĬΜ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ॷЊ
Λĭ Μ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ўЊ ΛķΜ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ўЉ
ΛЊЎΜ CƚƩ ĻƌƌźƦƷźĭğƌ ƚƩĬźƷ ƷŷĻ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ƚŅ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ 9 ğƓķ ĻĭĭĻƓƷƩźĭźƷǤ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ 9ўЉ ğƓķ ॷЊ ΛĬΜ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ॷЊ
Λĭ Μ 9ॶЉ ğƓķ ॶЊ ΛķΜ 9ॷЉ ğƓķ ўЉ
ΛЊЏΜ CƚƩ ĭźƩĭǒƌğƩ ƚƩĬźƷ ƷŷĻ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ĻĭĭĻƓƷƩźĭźƷǤ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ॷЊ ΛĬΜ ѥЊ Λĭ Μ ॶЊ ΛķΜ ўЉΛЊАΜ !ƌƌ ƷŷĻ ƦƌğƓĻƷ ƒƚǝĻƭ ğƩƚǒƓķ ƷŷĻ {ǒƓ źƓ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƚƩĬźƷ͵
ΛğΜ ĭźƩĭǒƌğƩ ΛĬΜ ƦğƩğĬƚƌźĭ
Λĭ Μ ŷǤƦĻƩĬƚƌźĭ ΛķΜ ĻƌƌźƦƷźĭğƌ
{ŷƚƩƷ vǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹЊ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ bĻǞƷƚƓƭ ƌğǞ ƚŅ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓ
Ћ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƌƚƒĬƭ źƓǝĻƩƭĻ ƭƨǒğƩĻ ƌğǞ
Ќ͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ƷŷĻ ƩğƷźƚ ƚŅ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƭƷğƷźĭ ŅƚƩĭĻ Ʒƚ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭğƭĻ ƚŅ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƓ
Ѝ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ĻƨǒźƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ƭǒƩŅğĭĻ
Ў͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ Dğǒƭƭ ƌğǞ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ Ņƌǒǣ
Џ͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ tƚźƭƭƚƓƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ źƓ /ğƩƷĻƭźğƓ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ
А͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ [ğƦƌğĭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ
Б͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ĻƌĻĭƷƩźĭ ķźƦƚƌĻВ͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ĻƌĻĭƷƩźĭ ķźƦƚƌĻ ğƷ ğ ķźƭƷğƓĭĻ Ʃ
ЊЉ͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ƷǞƚ ĬƚķǤ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ǒƓķĻƩ ƷŷĻ ğĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ źƓƷĻƩƓğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻƭ
ЊЊ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ƷŷĻ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ ŅźĻƌķ
ЊЋ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ źƓǝĻƩƭĻ ƭƨǒğƩĻ ƌğǞ ŅƚƩĭĻ
ЊЌ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ YĻƦƌĻƩƭ ŅźƩƭƷ ƌğǞ ƚŅ ƦƌğƓĻƷğƩǤ ƒƚƷźƚƓ
ЊЍ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ YĻƦƌĻƩƭ ƭĻĭƚƓķ ƌğǞ ƚŅ ƦƌğƓĻƷğƩǤ ƒƚƷźƚƓ
ЊЎ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ YĻƦƌĻƩƭ ƷŷźƩķ ƌğǞ ƚŅ ƦƌğƓĻƷğƩǤ ƒƚƷźƚƓ
ЊЏ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ĻƌƌźƦƷźĭğƌ ƚƩĬźƷ ЊА͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ŷǤƦĻƩĬƚƌźĭ ƚƩĬźƷ ЊБ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ƦğƩğĬƚƌźĭ ƚƩĬźƷЊВ͵ ŷźĭŷ ŅƚƩĭĻ źƭ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ Ʒƚ ƚĬƷğźƓ ĭźƩĭǒƌğƩ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ ğƩƚǒƓķ ƷŷĻ ĭĻƓƷƩĻ ƚŅ
Њ͵ 9ǣƦƌğźƓ ƷŷĻ ƌğǞƭ ƚŅ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ğƓķ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƒğŭƓĻƷźĭ ŅƚƩĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƭŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ
ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƒğŭƓĻƷźĭ ŅƚƩĭĻƭ ğƩĻ ƒǒĭŷ ƭƷƩƚƓŭĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ źƓƷĻƩğĭƷźƚƓ
ƚŅ ğƷƚƒźĭ ğƓķ ƭǒĬğƷƚƒźĭ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻƭ͵
Ћ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ ŭƩğǝźƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ğƓķ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƭƷğƷźĭ ŅźĻƌķƭ ğƓķ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌƭ͵
Ќ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ Dğǒƭƭ ƌğǞ ŅƚƩ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƭƷğƷźĭ ŅźĻƌķƭ͵
Ѝ͵ ...ƭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ Dğǒƭƭ ƌğǞ ƚĬƷğźƓ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓ ƚŅ [ğƦƌğĭĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ͵
Ў͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ŅźĻƌķƭ ğƓķ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌƭ ŅƚƩ ķźƦƚƌĻ͵
Џ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĻƨǒźǝğƌĻƓƷ ƚƓĻ ĬƚķǤ ğƓķ ĻǣƦƌğźƓ ǞŷǤ ğƦƦƌĻ Ņğƌƌƭ ƷƚǞğƩķ
ƷŷĻ ĻğƩƷŷ ğƓķ ƓƚƷ ƷŷĻ ĻğƩƷŷ ƷƚǞğƩķƭ ƷŷĻ ğƦƦƌĻͪ
А͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ğ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ ŅźĻƌķ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƌğǞƭ
ƚŅ ƌźƓĻğƩ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ ğƓķ ƷƚƷğƌ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ͵
Б͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ğƓ ğƩĬźƷƩğƩǤ ƦƚƷĻƓƷźğƌ ŅźĻƌķ͵
В͵ 9ǣƦƌğźƓ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ğƓ źƓǝĻƩƭĻ ƭƨǒğƩĻ ƌğǞ ŅƚƩĭĻ ŅźĻƌķ ǞźƷŷ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ĭğƭĻƭ͵
ЊЉ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƌğƩ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĻƌƌźƦƷźĭğƌ ƚƩĬźƷ͵
ЊЊ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ YĻƦƌĻƩƭ ƌğǞ ƚŅ ƦƌğƓĻƷğƩǤ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ YĻƦƌĻƩƭ ƷŷźƩķ ƌğǞ ƚŅ ƦƌğƓĻƷğƩǤ
ΛЊΜ ŷĻ ķĻŭƩĻĻ ƚŅ ŅƩĻĻķƚƒ ŅƚƩ ğ ŅƩĻĻ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƚƓĻ ΛĬΜ ƷǞƚ Λĭ Μ ƷŷƩĻĻ ΛķΜ ǩĻƩƚΛЋΜ ŷĻ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ ƚŅ źƓķĻƦĻƓķĻƓƷ ǝğƩźğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ğ ŅƩĻĻ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ǩĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ ƚƓĻ Λĭ Μ ƷǞƚ ΛķΜ ƷŷƩĻĻΛЌΜ ŷĻ ķĻŭƩĻĻ ƚŅ ŅƩĻĻķƚƒ ŅƚƩ b ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻƭ źƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛЍΜ ŷĻ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ ƚŅ źƓķĻƦĻƓķĻƓƷ ǝğƩźğĬƌĻ ŅƚƩ ğ ŅƩĻĻ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ƭƦğĭĻ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛЎΜ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ ğƩĻ źƓķĻƦĻƓķĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷźƒĻ͵
ΛğΜ IƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ΛĬΜ bƚƓΏIƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ
Λĭ Μ {ĭƌĻƩƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ ΛķΜ wŷĻƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ
ΛЏΜ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ ğƩĻ ƷźƒĻ ķĻƦĻƓķĻƓƷ͵
ΛğΜ IƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ΛĬΜ bƚƓΏIƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ
Λĭ Μ {ĭƌĻƩƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ ΛķΜ wŷĻƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ
ΛАΜ ŷĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌźǩĻķ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƭǒƩŅğĭĻ ƚŅ ğ ƭƦŷĻƩĻ
ƚŅ Ʃğķźǒƭ ͷࡄ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ࡄ ğƓķ ʚ ΛĬΜ ࡄ ğƓķ ʱ Λĭ Μ ʚ ğƓķ ʱ ΛķΜ Љ ğƓķ ʱΛБΜ ŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƚƩķĻƩ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ͵
ΛğΜ ŅźƩƭƷ ΛĬΜ ƭĻĭƚƓķ Λĭ Μ ǩĻƩƚ ΛķΜ ŅƚƩƷŷ 4 V.P.& R.P.T.P.SCIENCE COLLEGE, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, BY: DR.P.M.PATELΛВΜ ŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ğ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ źƭ ĻƨǒźǝğƌĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ
ΛЊЉΜ ŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓ źƭ ķĻŅźƓĻ ĬǤ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ൩ ݅ ൢ ݕ ΛĬΜ ൩ ࢝ ൣ ࢟ Λĭ Μ ൩ ݓ ൢ ݕ ΛķΜ ൩ ݅ ൣ ݕΛЊЊΜ ŷĻ IğƒźƌƷƚƓźğƓ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓ źƭ ķĻŅźƓĻ ĬǤ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛĬΜ ݇ ൩ ݅ ൢ ݕ ΛĬΜ ݇ ൩ ݓ ൣ ݕ Λĭ Μ ൩ ࢝ ൢ ࢟ ΛķΜ ݇ ൩ ݅ ൣ ݕ {ŷƚƩƷ vǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹЊ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷ ƒƚƷźƚƓ͵
Ћ͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ķĻŭƩĻĻ ƚŅ ŅƩĻĻķƚƒͪ
Ќ͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ǝźƩƷǒğƌ ķźƭƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷͪ
Ѝ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ IƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ğƓķ ƓƚƓΏŷƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ͵
Ў͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ {ĭƌĻƩƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ ğƓķ wŷĻƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ͵
Џ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ 5!ƌĻƒĬĻƩƷƭ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ źƓ ǞƚƩķƭ͵
А͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźǝĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵
Б͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ƓƚƓΏĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźǝĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ͵
В͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ĭǤĭƌźĭ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻƭ͵
ЊЉ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅƚƩ !ƷǞƚƚķƭ ƒğĭŷźƓĻ͵
ЊЊ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅƚƩ {ƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƦĻƓķǒƌǒƒ͵
[ƚƓŭ vǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹЊ͵ ŷğƷ ğƩĻ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭͪ 9ǣƦƌğźƓͲ ŭźǝźƓŭ ĻǣğƒƦƌĻƭͲ ƷŷĻ ƒĻğƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ŷƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ğƓķ
ƓƚƓŷƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ͵Ћ͵ 9ǣƦƌğźƓ ƷŷĻ ƒĻğƓźƓŭ ƚŅ {ĭƌĻƩƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ ğƓķ wŷĻƚƓƚƒƚǒƭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ͵ DźǝĻ źƌƌǒƭƷƩğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ
Ќ͵ Lƭ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅƚƩƒǒƌğƷźƚƓ ƒƚƩĻ ğķǝğƓƷğŭĻƚǒƭ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ bĻǞƷƚƓźğƓ ŅƚƩƒǒƌğƷźƚƓͪ
Ѝ͵ ŷğƷ ķƚ Ǥƚǒ ǒƓķĻƩƭƷğƓķ ĬǤ ĭǤĭƌźĭ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻƭͪ {ŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌźǩĻķ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ
ĭƚƩƩĻƭƦƚƓķźƓŭ Ʒƚ ğ ĭǤĭƌźĭ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻ źƭ ğ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ͵
Ў͵ 9ǣƦƌğźƓ ƷŷĻ ƷĻƩƒ ͷǝźƩƷǒğƌ ķźƭƦƌğĭĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ƭƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ ƚŅ ǝźƩƷǒğƌ ǞƚƩƉ͵
Џ͵ 5ĻƭĭƩźĬĻ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ wğǤƌĻźŭŷƭ ķźƭƭźƦğƷźƚƓ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓ͵
А͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ƷŷĻ IğƒźƌƷƚƓźğƓ͵ ŷĻƓ źƭ źƷ Ļƨǒğƌ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƷƚƷğƌ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒͪ ŷĻƓ źƭ źƷ
Б͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ƒĻğƓƷ ĬǤ ğ ĭƚƓŅźŭǒƩğƷźƚƓ ƭƦğĭĻͪ IƚǞ źƭ Ʒŷźƭ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷ ǒƭĻķ Ʒƚ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻ ƷŷĻ
ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ƚŅ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻƭͪ
В͵ ŷğƷ ğƩĻ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭͪ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ŷƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ğƓķ bƚƓΏŷƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷ
źƌƌǒƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ͵ЊЉ͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ƷǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ ǞźƷŷ źƌƌǒƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ
ЊЊ͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷ ƚŅ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌźǩĻķ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻƭ ǞźƷŷ źƌƌǒƭƷƩğƷźƚƓƭ͵
5 V.P.& R.P.T.P.SCIENCE COLLEGE, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, BY: DR.P.M.PATELЊЋ͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ǝźƩƷǒğƌ ǞƚƩƉ ķƚƓĻ ŅƚƩ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ƒğƷŷĻƒğƷźĭğƌ
ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ 5!ƌĻƒĬĻƩƷƭ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ͵
ЊЌ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ğ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźǝĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ŅƩƚƒ 5!ƌĻƒĬĻƩƷƭ
ЊЍ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƉźƓĻƷźĭ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ğƓķ ŅźƓķ ƷŷĻ ƉźƓĻƷźĭ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ƚŅ ķƚǒĬƌĻ
ƦĻƓķǒƌǒƒ ŅƩƚƒ źƷ͵ЊЎ͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ĭǤĭƌźĭ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻƭͪ {ŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ ƷƚƷğƌ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ źƭ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝĻķ͵
ЊЏ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ƚŅ !ƷǞƚƚķ ƒğĭŷźƓĻ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ źƷƭ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ͵
ЊА͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ƚŅ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƦĻƓķǒƌǒƒ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ źƷƭ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ͵
!ƌƭƚ ƭŷƚǞ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷƚƷğƌ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ͵
...bLʹ LLL aǒƌƷźƦƌĻ ĭŷƚźĭĻ ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹΛЊΜ ! ŅƩğƒĻ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ğ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ƩĻƌğƷźǝĻ Ʒƚ ğ ŅźǣĻķ ŅƩğƒĻ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ
ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ŅƩğƒĻΛĬΜ źƓĻƩƷźğƌ ΛĬΜ ƓƚƓ źƓĻƩƷźğƌ
ΛĭΜ ƩĻğƌ ΛķΜ źƒğŭźƓğƩǤΛЋΜ ! ŅƩğƒĻ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ źƭ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷĻķ ƩĻƌğƷźǝĻ Ʒƚ ğ ŅźǣĻķ ŅƩğƒĻ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ŅƩğƒĻ
ΛĬΜ źƓĻƩƷźğƌ ΛĬΜ ƓƚƓ źƓĻƩƷźğƌ
ΛĭΜ ƩĻğƌ ΛķΜ źƒğŭźƓğƩǤΛЌΜ !ƌƌ ƷŷĻ ŅƩğƒĻƭ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ƷŷğƷ ğƩĻ ƩƚƷğƷźƓŭ ƩĻƌğƷźǝĻ Ʒƚ ğ ŅźǣĻķ ŅƩğƒĻ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ğƩĻ ƷŷĻ
ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ŅƩğƒĻ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ
ΛĬΜ źƓĻƩƷźğƌ ΛĬΜ ƓƚƓ źƓĻƩƷźğƌ
ΛĭΜ ƩĻğƌ ΛķΜ źƒğŭźƓğƩǤΛЍΜ LŅ ƷŷĻ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ŅƩğƒĻ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ źƭ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷĻķ ƷŷĻ ĻŅŅĻĭƷźǝĻ ŅƚƩĭĻ ğĭƷźƓŭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ
źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ğĭƷǒğƌ ŅƚƩĭĻ
ΛğΜ ǩĻƩƚ ΛĬΜ Ļƨǒğƌ ΛĭΜ ƭƒğƌƌĻƩ ΛķΜ ŷźŭŷĻƩΛЎΜ bĻǞƷƚƓƭ ƌğǞƭ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ğƩĻ ǝğƌźķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƷǞƚ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ğ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƩĻƌğƷźǝĻ
ΛĬΜ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷĻķ ΛĬΜ ķƚǒĬƌĻ
Λ ĭ Μ ƓƚƓ ǒƓźŅƚƩƒ ΛķΜ ǒƓźŅƚƩƒ
ՃࠎՃ ݫՃቘ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƌźƓĻğƩ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ ΛĬΜ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ
Λ ĭ Μ ĭĻƓƷƩźƦĻƷğƌ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ ΛķΜ ĭƚƩźƚƌźƭ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ
ΛАΜ ŷĻ ƷĻƩƒ Αࠎ Ճ ቝ௴ంՃ௴ఄంఄ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƌźƓĻğƩ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ ΛĬΜ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ
Λ ĭ Μ ĭĻƓƷƩźƦĻƷğƌ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ ΛķΜ ĭƚƩźƚƌźƭ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ
ΛБΜ LƓ ğ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓğƌ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ĭĻƓƷƩźƦĻƷğƌ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ ķźƩĻĭƷĻķ Ʒƚ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭźƩĭƌĻ
ΛğΜ ǒƦǞğƩķƭ ΛĬΜ ƚǒƷǞğƩķƭ Λ ĭ Μ źƓǞğƩķƭ ΛķΜ ĭĻƓƷƩĻΛВΜ LƓ ğ ĭǤĭƌƚƓĻ ƷŷĻ ǞźƓķ ǞŷźƩƌƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƭĻƓƭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƓƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ ŷĻƒźƭƦŷĻƩĻ
6 V.P.& R.P.T.P.SCIENCE COLLEGE, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, BY: DR.P.M.PATELΛğΜ ǒƦǞğƩķƭ ΛĬΜ ķƚǞƓǞğƩķƭ Λ ĭ Μ ĭƌƚĭƉǞźƭĻ ΛķΜ ğƓƷźĭƌƚĭƉǞźƭĻ
ΛЊЉΜ LƓ ğ ĭǤĭƌƚƓĻ ƷŷĻ ǞźƓķ ǞŷźƩƌƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƭĻƓƭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƭƚǒƩƷŷĻƩƓ ŷĻƒźƭƦŷĻƩĻ
ΛğΜ ǒƦǞğƩķƭ ΛĬΜ ķƚǞƓǞğƩķƭ
Λ ĭ Μ ĭƌƚĭƉǞźƭĻ ΛķΜ ğƓƷźĭƌƚĭƉǞźƭĻ
ΛЊЊΜLƓ ƷŷĻ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ ƷŷĻ ķźƩĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ
ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ ğƩĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ΛğΜ ƭğƒĻ ΛĬΜ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷΛ ĭ Μ ƦĻƩƦĻƓķźĭǒƌğƩ ΛķΜ ƦğƩğƌƌĻƌ
ΛЊЋΜŷĻ ƒƚƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ źƓĻƩƷźğ źƭ ğ ƷĻƓƭƚƩ ƚŅ ƩğƓƉ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƚƓĻ ΛĬΜ ƷǞƚ Λ ĭ ΜƷŷƩĻĻ ΛķΜ ǩĻƩƚΛЊЌΜ ! Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ ŷğǝĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ķĻŭƩĻĻ ƚŅ ŅƩĻĻķƚƒ
ΛğΜ ƚƓĻ ΛĬΜ ƷǞƚ Λ ĭ ΜƷŷƩĻĻ ΛķΜ ƭźǣ൩ ݈൩ ݈ Ͳ ƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ĬƚķǤ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛĬΜ ƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ
Λ ĭ ΜğƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛķΜ ƩƚƷğƷƚƩ
൩ ݈൪ ݈ Ͳ ƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ĬƚķǤ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛĬΜ ƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ
Λ ĭ ΜğƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛķΜ ƩƚƷğƷƚƩ
൪ ݈൪ ݈ Ͳ ƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ĬƚķǤ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛĬΜ ƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ
Λ ĭ ΜğƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛķΜ ƩƚƷğƷƚƩ
൩ ݈ ğƓķ ݈൩ Ώ Ͳ ƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ĬƚķǤ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛğΜ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛĬΜ ƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ
Λ ĭ ΜğƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ΛķΜ ƩƚƷğƷƚƩ
ΛЊАΜ LƓ ğ ƷƚƩƨǒĻ ŅƩĻĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤͲ ƷŷĻ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĬƚķǤ źƭ ğ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ǝĻĭƷƚƩ
ΛğΜ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ΛĬΜ ƌźƓĻğƩ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ
Λ ĭ ΜğƓŭǒƌğƩ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ ΛķΜ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ğĭĭĻƌĻƩğƷźƚƓ
ΛЊБΜ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƒǒƭƷ ĬĻ ğƦƦƌźĻķ Ʒƚ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƷŷĻ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ğĬƚǒƷ ŭźǝĻƓ ğǣźƭ
ΛğΜ ŅƚƩĭĻ ΛĬΜ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ Λ ĭ ΜǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ΛķΜ ƷƚƩƨǒĻ {ŷƚƩƷ vǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹ Њ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ Ћ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ 9ǒƌĻƩƭ ƷŷĻƚƩĻƒ Ќ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ /ŷğƭƌĻƭ ƷŷĻƚƩĻƒЍ͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƦƚƓĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ
Ў͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƉźƓĻƷźĭ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ƚŅ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ
Џ͵ {ŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ķźƩĻĭƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ ğƩĻ
А͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ğƓķ ğƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭ ƷƚƦ
Б͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ğƓķ Ʃźŭźķ ƩƚƷğƷƚƩ
7 V.P.& R.P.T.P.SCIENCE COLLEGE, PHYSICS DEPARTMENT, BY: DR.P.M.PATELВ͵ ŷğƷ Ǥƚǒ ƒĻğƓ ĬǤ ƷƚƩƨǒĻ ŅƩĻĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ
ЊЉ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ƦƩĻĭĻƭƭźƚƓğƌ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ
[ƚƓŭ vǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹЊ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ğƓķ ƦƩƚǝĻ 9ǒƌĻƩƭ ƷŷĻƚƩĻƒ
Ћ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ğƓŭǒƌğƩ ƒƚƒĻƓƷǒƒ ğƓķ ƉźƓĻƷźĭ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ
Ќ͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ źƓĻƩƷźğ ƷĻƓƭƚƩ ƚŅ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ
Ѝ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ 9ǒƌĻƩƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ŅźƓķ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƩğƷĻ ğƷ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ǞƚƩƉ ķƚƓĻ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ƷƚƩƨǒĻ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƩğƷĻ ƚŅ ĭŷğƓŭĻ ƚŅ ƉźƓĻƷźĭ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ
Ў͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƷƚƩƨǒĻ ŅƩĻĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓ ݀
൩ోଡ଼ౌ௪ ొొଡ଼ౌቘЏ͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ 9ǒƌĻƩƭ ğƓŭƌĻƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ Ʃźŭźķ ĬƚķǤ ǞźƷŷ ƓĻğƷ ķźğŭƩğƒƭ
А͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƭǤƒƒĻƷƩźĭğƌ ƷƚƦ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƦƩĻƭƭźƚƓƭ ƚŅ źƷƭ ƷƚƷğƌ ĻƓĻƩŭǤ ğƓķ
ƦƩĻĭĻƭƭźƚƓğƌ ǝĻƌƚĭźƷǤ ...bLʹ L aǒƌƷźƦƌĻ ĭŷƚźĭĻ ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹΛЊΜ ŷĻ ƓΏķźƒĻƓƭźƚƓğƌ ƭƦğĭĻ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ƭƦğĭĻ
ΛĭΜ ƭƚƌğƩ ΛĬΜ ĭƚƓŅźŭǒƩğƷźƚƓ
ΛĭΜƩĻğƌ ΛķΜ ǩĻƩƚΛЋΜ LƓ ǝğƩźğƷźƚƓğƌ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ ƷŷĻ ƌźƓĻ źƓƷĻŭƩğƌ ƚŅ ƭƚƒĻ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷǞƚ ĻƓķ ƦƚźƓƷƭ źƭ
ΛЌΜ ŷĻ ƭŷƚƩƷĻƭƷ ķźƭƷğƓĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷǞƚ ƦƚźƓƷƭ źƓ ğ ƦƌğƓĻ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛĭΜ ĭźƩĭǒƌğƩ ΛĬΜ ŷǤƦĻƩĬƚƌźĭ
ΛĭΜ ƦğƩğĬƚƌźĭ ΛķΜ ƭƷƩğźŭŷƷ ƌźƓĻ
ΛЍΜ ŷĻ ƦğƷŷ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗǞŷĻƓ źƷ źƭ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ǒƓķĻƩ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźǝĻ ŅƚƩĭĻ
ΛğΜ ĭǤĭƌƚźķ ΛĬΜ ŷǤƦĻƩĬƚƌźĭ
ΛĭΜ ƦğƩğĬƚƌźĭ ΛķΜ ƭƷƩğźŭŷƷ ƌźƓĻ
ΛЎΜ ŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ ŅƚƩ ğ ĭǤƌźƓķĻƩ ƩƚƌƌźƓŭ ƚƓ źƓĭƌźƓĻķ ƦƌğƓĻ
Λ ĭ Μ ݫ ݝݫ ൣ ݝݱ ൩ Ώ ΛķΜ ݫ ݝݱ ൣ ݝݱ ൩ Ώ
ΛЏΜ ŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷƭ ŅƚƩ ğ ƭźƒƦƌĻ ƦĻƓķǒƌǒƒ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
ΛАΜ ŷĻ ğƓŭƌĻ ƚŅ ŅƌźĻƭ ƚŅŅ ŅƚƩ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ ƒƚǝźƓŭ ƚƓ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƭǒƩŅğĭĻ źƭ ΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ
Њ͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ĭƚƓŅźŭǒƩğƷźƚƓ ƭƦğĭĻͪ
Ћ͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ǝğƩźğƷźƚƓğƌ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ
Ќ͵ 5ĻŅźƓĻ ŭĻƚķĻƭźĭ ƌźƓĻЍ͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĭǤĭƌƚźķ ǞŷĻƓ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƭ ƒƚǝźƓŭ źƓ ğ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźǝĻ ŅƚƩĭĻ
Ў͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ IğƒźƌƷƚƓƭ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ
Џ͵ {ŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ğƓķ bĻǞƷƚƓźğƓ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ğƩĻ ĻƨǒźǝğƌĻƓƷ
А͵ ŷğƷ źƭ ǒƓķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌźĻƩͪ
Б͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅƚƩ ğ ĭǤƌźƓķĻƩ ƩƚƌƌźƓŭ ƚƓ źƓĭƌźƓĻķ ƦƌğƓĻ
В͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ƚŅ ƭźƒƦƌĻ ƦĻƓķǒƌǒƒ źƓ ƷĻƩƒƭ ƚŅ ƭƦŷĻƩźĭğƌ ƦƚƌğƩ ĭƚƚƩķźƓğƷĻƭ
ЊЉ͵ ƩźƷĻ ƷŷĻ IğƒźƌƷƚƓƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ
[ƚƓŭ vǒĻƭƷźƚƓƭʹЊ͵ 5ĻƭĭƩźĬĻ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓŅźŭǒƩğƷźƚƓ ƭƦğĭĻ
Ћ͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƷĻĭŷƓźƨǒĻ ƚŅ ĭğƌĭǒƌǒƭ ƚŅ ǝğƩźğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ 9ǒƌĻƩƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ
Ќ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ 9ǒƌĻƩƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ǒƭźƓŭ ʔΏ ƓƚƷğƷźƚƓ
Ѝ͵ ƚ ƭŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ƭŷƚƩƷĻƭƷ ķźƭƷğƓĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷǞƚ ƦƚźƓƷƭ źƓ ğ ƦƌğƓĻ źƭ ğ ƭƷƩğźŭŷƷ ƌźƓĻ
Ў͵ 5źƭĭǒƭƭ ƷŷĻ ƭŷƚƩƷĻƭƷ ƷźƒĻ ƦƩƚĬƌĻƒ ŅƚƩ ğ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ źƓ ğ ĭƚƓƭƷğƓƷ ĭƚƓƭĻƩǝğƷźǝĻ
Џ͵ {ŷƚǞ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƷƩĻƒǒƒ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ķźƭƷğƓĭĻ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƷǞƚ ƦƚźƓƷƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƭǒƩŅğĭĻ ƚŅ
ğ ƭƦŷĻƩĻ źƭ ğƓ ğƩĭ ƚŅ ğ ĭźƩĭƌĻ ǞŷƚƭĻ ĭĻƓƷƩĻ ƌźĻƭ ğƷ ƷŷĻ ĭĻƓƷƩĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƭƦŷĻƩĻ
А͵ {ƷğƷĻ ƷŷĻ IğƒźƌƷƚƓƭ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ
Б͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ IğƒźƌƷƚƓƭ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ ŅƩƚƒ bĻǞƷƚƓźğƓ ŅƚƩƒǒƌğƷźƚƓ
В͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅƚƩ ƭĻƩźĻƭ ğƓķ ƦğƩğƌƌĻƌ ĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ źƓķǒĭƷğƓĭĻ [Ͳ ƩĻƭźƭƷğƓĭĻ w
ğƓķ ĭğƦğĭźƷƚƩ / ǞźƷŷ ğƓ ĻǣƷĻƩƓğƌ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƒƚƷźǝĻ ŅƚƩĭĻ ʕΛƷΜ
ЊЉ͵ 5ĻƭĭƩźĬĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ǒƓķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌźĻƩ ǞźƷŷ źƌƌǒƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ
ЊЊ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭĻƭ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ bƚƓΏŷƚƌƚƓƚƒźĭ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ
ЊЋ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ğ ĭǤƌźƓķĻƩ ƩƚƌƌźƓŭ ƚƓ
źƓĭƌźƓĻķ ƦƌğƓĻ ǒƭźƓŭ ǒƓķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌźĻƩ
ЊЌ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩ ğ ƭźƒƦƌĻ ƦĻƓķǒƌǒƒ ǒƭźƓŭ ǒƓķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌźĻƩ
ЊЍ͵ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷ ƷŷĻ [ğŭƩğƓŭźğƓ ŅƚƩ ƒƚƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭƌĻ ƚƓ ğ ƭƦŷĻƩĻ ğƓķ ķĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ
ƒƚƷźƚƓ ǒƭźƓŭ ǒƓķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌźĻƩ
ЊЎ͵ 5ĻƩźǝĻ ƷŷĻ {ĭŷƩƚķźƓŭĻƩ ǞğǝĻ ĻƨǒğƷźƚƓ ǒƭźƓŭ ǝğƩźğƷźƚƓğƌ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ
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