3 Throughout this article I apply the term '1650s' loosely to the long decade of the republic, from the trial of the king in January 1649 until the termination
northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400–1700 (2000); L Shaw-Taylor, 'The management of common land in the lowlands of southern England, c 1500–c
1650 Second, partly as a result of increased farm size, the proportion of the population of rural England reliant on earning wages for a living increased as
1650 – 1750: A Century of Change Economic “dependence” on England ? Colonial Resistance (smuggling) 1686 - Dominion of New England
1500s–1600s Portugal, Spain, England, and France establish the slave trade from Africa to bring workers to sugar and tobacco plantations in South America
England in 1650 Part Five, finally, comprises four chapters on the Republics as seen through the lens of the economic and financial impulses connected
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1650 ² 1750: A Century of Change
1650 ² 1750: A Century of Change
¾Demographics
¾Politics & Economics
¾Ideology
¾Foreign Affairs
How people think
How they view the world
¾1776
1650 ² 1750: A Century of Change
With English government
Within the colonies
¾Conflict
Colonies declare independence
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Demographic Growth & Diversity
¾Natural (births)
250,000 to 2 Million
Demographic Growth & Diversity
¾Immigration
English
Irish, Scotch-Irish,
German
Scotch-Irish
greatest number
Deutsche =
German
Growth of Cities
¾Boston, MA
¾Newport, RI
¾Philadelphia, PA
¾Charleston, SC
¾New York, NY
Demographic Growth & Diversity
¾Immigration
involuntary
slavery
Atlantic Slave Trade
¾1700 ² 1720:
140,000 slaves brought to British North
American colonies
¾1700 ² 1750
number of slaves doubled
85% lived south of Maryland
¾Estimated 12 million to the Americas
16th 19th centuries
Mostly to Brazil & Caribbean
Slave origins
Madam Efunroye Tinubu
Atlantic Slave trade
Slave ship
Estimated 1.2 ² 2.4 million deaths
in transport
Slave market
Stono Rebellion - 1739
Negro Act - 1740
¾Illegal to:
Move freely
Assemble in groups
Raise food
Earn money
Learn to read English
1650 ² 1750: A Century of Change
¾Politics & Economics
¾English Civil War(s),
1642-1651
the throne
King Charles II
¾Goal: Centralize authority & exercise
control
Political control
Economic control
Mercantilism ² economic doctrine
¾Goals ² for the British Empire
economically superior
self-sufficiency
national security
benefit from its
colonies
Restrictions on colonial trade
¾Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663)
Trade using English-made ships with
English crews
indigo, sugar, naval stores)
Mercantilism
¾Restrictions on trade
Consequences
¾For England
Taxes, customs duties
Jobs (shipbuilding)
Trade surpluses
Consequences
¾For the American Colonies
Commerce a major industry
Growth of port cities
Economic diversification
Colonial Resistance (smuggling)
Mercantilism
¾Restrictions on trade (Navigation Laws)
Colonial Resistance
¾New England
Massachusetts Assembly
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¾1686 - Dominion of New England
Assemblies dissolved
Edmund Andros appointed governor
Town meetings restricted
1688 - Glorious Revolution
¾James II ousted
¾New monarchs William
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¾Parliament asserts its power
William & Mary
Glorious Revolution
1689 English Bill of Rights
Glorious Revolution in the Colonies
Dominion of New England dissolved
Massachusetts government restored
Vote extended to all male property holders
Foreign Affairs - Europe
Foreign Affairs ² American colonies
Foreign Affairs
¾England vs. France
1689
1702
¾Consequences for colonists
Allegiance to England
English Protestants vs French Catholics
Ideology
¾How people view themselves and
their world
¾Beliefs & values
¾Priorities
Age of Enlightenment
Age of Reason
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¾Human reason
Could explain the world
Combat ignorance, superstition, fanaticism
Promote progress
Reform society (positive change)
"Mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance and error." - Philosopher Immanuel Kant
¾Challenged authority
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Religious
Political
¾Scientific inquiry
Investigation
Experimentation
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Isaac Newton
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Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Great Awakening
¾Concerns
Decline in church attendance
¾Religious revival
1730s 1740s
George Whitefield
Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
Great Awakening
¾New style of preaching
Expressive, fiery, emotional
Great Awakening
¾Piety
¾Individual responsible for salvation
¾Less emphasis on ceremony
Consequences
¾Church attendance increased
¾Empowerment of individual
¾Denominations spread to new regions
¾Conversion of slaves, Native Americans
¾Support for education
¾Increased role for women in some churches
¾Provided a unifying experience
Road to Revolution