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78827_7202009GenerationNutrition_BriefFoodsystemsandnutrition.pdf 1 BUILDING SUSTAINABLE, RESILIENT
AND FAIR FOOD SYSTEMS TO
IMPROVE FOOD AND NUTRITION
SECURITY FOR ALL
BY 2030
September2020
© Christophe Da Silva pour Action contre la Faim TheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)statesthatfoodsecurityexistswhenallpeople,atall times,havephysical,socialandeconomicaccesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtomeet theirdietaryneedsandfoodpreferencesforanactiveandhealthylife.However,in2019,25.9 percentoftheworldpopulationdidnothaveregularaccesstosafe,nutritious,andsufficientfood, andchronicandacutemalnutritionwerestillaffecting190millionchildren.3Theworldisnoton tracktoachievetheWorldHealthAssembly(WHA)targetsonmaternal,infantandyoungchild nutritionby2025,northeSustainableDevelopmentGoal2(SDG2)on͞ZeroHunger"by2030. Thesefiguresshowthatfoodinsecurityandmalnutritionarehugechallenges,whicharelikelyto worsenduetoCOVID-19. Poordietsandresultingmalnutritionarenotsimplyamatterofpersonalchoice.Mostpeople cannotaccessoraffordhealthy,diverse,qualityandnutritiousfood,asshowninthe2020SOFI report.Healthydiets4areunaffordableto3billionpeopleworldwide. Foodsystemsarenotalwaysabletodeliverhealthyandsustainablediets.Thisistrueinfood systemsthatdonotsupportproductivelivelihoodsanddiverseproduction.Asthe2020Global NutritionReportshows,͞edžistingagriculturesystemsarelargelyfocusedonanoverabundanceof staplegrainslikericewheatandmaize,ratherthanproducingabroaderrangeofmorediverseand healthierfoods,likefruits,nutsandǀegetables"5.Thisisalsoparticularlytrueincurrentfood systemsthatrelymainlyonindustrialagriculture(highlydependentonchemicalinput, standardizedseedsorgeneticallymodifiedorganisms).AccordingtoIPES-food,͞thepathway offeredbyindustrialagriculture[...],combinedwithwell-functioningtradingsystemsthatallowa varietyofdifferentfoodstuffstobeaccessibletoconsumersinagivenplace.Thediversityof producedeliveredbyinternationaltradehasmainlybenefitedwealthyconsumersinhigh-income countries,whilepoorpeopleinlow-incomecountriescontinuetobeunabletoaffordthediversity availableonthesemarkets."6 Manysmall-scalefarmerscannotaccesshealthyandsustainabledietsgivenremotelocation,low income,andlackoflinkagestosourcesofdiversefoods.Theydonothavethemeanstofacean unfaircompetitionfromheavilysubsidized(hencecheaponthemarket)foodexportsfrom industrialfoodsystemsfromtheGlobalNorth.Thisobstacletothedevelopmentoflocalfood chainsthreatenstherighttofoodandnutritionofsmall-scaleproducers. 2© Toby Madden pour Action contre la Faim
THE BURDEN OF FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION
2 billion people did not have regular access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food
in 2019128.2 percent of children under five were undernourished in 20192
1 The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) Report, FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, 2020, Link
2Ibib.
3Ibid.
4 Composed of foods from diverse groups, that meet nutrient needs, as opposed to calorie needs
5The Global Nutrition Report, 2020, Link
6͞From uniformity to diversity: A paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecologicalsystems", IPES-food,
2016, Link
3© Toby Madden pour Action contre la Faim
COVID -19͛S IMPACT ON FRAGILE FOOD SYSTEMS AND NUTRITION
COVID-19 could increase the number of undernourished people by an additional 83 to 132 million people7 COVID-19 could push 270 million people into acute food insecurity (an increase of 82 percent on pre-pandemic figures)8 Each percentage point drop in global GDP is expected to result in an additional700,000 chronically malnourished (stunted) children9
TheCOVID-19pandemiccameatatimewhenfoodsecurity-whichdriveshungerand malnutrition-wasalreadyunderstrain.Conflicts,naturaldisasters,climatechange,andthe arrivalofpestsandplaguesacrosscontinentshavelongprecededCOVID-19butwillnot disappearintheshortterm. TheCOVID-19crisisisrevealingthecracksinourfoodsystemsandisalreadyexacerbating vulnerabilities,especiallyinfoodandnutritionsecurityandaccesstowaterandsanitationfor criticalhandandfoodhygiene.COVID-19͛simpactonfoodsupplyanddemanddirectlyand indirectlyaffectsthefourpillarsoffoodsecurity:thephysicalavailabilityoffood,the economicandphysicalaccessibilityoffood,itsuse,andthestabilityofthesethreedimensions overtime.Thephysical(closureofmarkets,disruptionofsupplychains,etc.)and/orfinancial inability(lossofincome,foodpricesrising)toaccesshealthyanddiversefoodhasquickly worsenedforthemostvulnerablepopulations.Accordingtoafirstroundofdatacollection fromConcern͛songoingqualitativeCOVID-19research,respondentsconsumelessdiverse dietssincethebeginningofthepandemicandsomestartedreducingthenumberofmealsthey eatinaday.Theclosureofmarketsreducestheaccessofthepoorestpopulationsto necessities,especiallyinruralandperi-urbanareas.7 SOFI report, 2020, Link
8Ibib.
9Ibid.
© Lys
Arango
pour Action contre la Faim 4© Toby Madden pour Action contre la Faim
ItisalsofearedthatCOVID-19governmentrestrictionsanddiversionofresourcesarereducing opportunitiesandcapacitiestoscreenforandtreatmalnutrition,withdevastatingresultsfor themostvulnerablechildren.10TheUNestimatesthatduringthepandemic,͞morethan350 millionchildren[...]mightnothaveaccesstoregularschoolfeedingandnutritionservices."11 Nutritionmustbeprioritisedinfoodsystems.Thepandemichighlightsthenecessitytoshiftto approacheswhichensurehealthyandsustainablyproducedfood,whichisthemostaccessible, affordableanddesirablechoiceforall.Thefoodsecurityandnutritionalstatusofhighly vulnerablepopulationsshouldberegularlyassessedandreferralmechanismsbetweenhealth, nutrition,foodsecurityandchildprotectionactorsshouldbestrengthened.Astrongerlinkage tonationalsocialprotectionschemeswheretheyexistisneededanditisparamounttomake surealleligibleareactuallyreached.Thecrisisshowsthatlocalfarmers,small-scaleproducers andmarketsshouldbesupportedtoensurethecontinuityofaccessible,safe,affordable, diverse,andhealthyfoodforallandtoensuremorelocalizedandfairersupplychains.Resilient foodsystemsarekeytoresistingshocksandpreventingfuturecrises. Further,COVID-19hasdemonstratedtheimportanceofbuildingresilienceofeconomiesand householdstoeconomic,healthandclimatechangerelatedshocksandstresses.Duringthe periodfrom1998to2017,directeconomiclossesfromnaturaldisasterswereestimatedat almostUS$3trillionandclimate-relatedandgeophysicaldisastersclaimedanestimated1.3 millionlives.12Forestresourcesandbiodiversityprovideakeywaytomitigatetheimpactof disasters.Theyhavebeenprovidingsubsistence,safetynetstoshocks,resourcesforseasonal gap-fillingandpathwaystoprosperity.Globally,around1.6billionpeoplealreadyliveand dependonforestresources.13Peoplestrugglingwithsevereacutefoodinsecurityneedsafety netstofallbackonduringandpostCOVID-19.Thereishenceaprimeopportunitytoensure thatCOVID-19interventionsstrategicallyinvestinmoreproactiveresilience-building,thus betterpositioncommunitiesandminimizethelossoflivesandlivelihoodsinthefuturebyusing greenrecovery.10 COVID-19 Θ Risks to Children͛s Health and Nutrition, Policy Brief, World Vision, 2020, Link
11Mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on food and nutrition of schoolchildren, WFP, 2020, Link
12Economic losses, poverty & disasters: 1998-2017 Wallemacq, Pascaline; House, Rowena, 2018, Link
13World Wild Life, Link
© Sebastien
Duijndam
pour Action contre la Faim 5ROOT CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY AND MALNUTRITION
Thecausesoffoodandnutritioninsecurityarecomplexandmultidimensional,andinclude conflictandinsecurity,naturaldisasters,leanseasons,climatechange(witheffectsofdroughts, floods,highertemperatures,waterscarcity,etc.),environmentaldegradation,economicshocks orotherstressorslikedesertlocusts.Inequalityalsounderpinsanddriveshungerand malnutrition-whethergenderinequality,amongmarginalizedpopulations,orbetweenlarge- scaleandsmall-scalefarmers.Genderinequalityweknowisasignificantdriveroffoodand nutritioninsecurity.Often,combinationsoffactorswillstrikesimultaneously,forexampleinthe Sahelregion,wherepoverty,insecurity,forceddisplacements,disruptedagricultureandclimate crisisworsensfoodinsecurityinmanyareasoftheregion.Focusonconflicts
The2020GlobalReportonFoodCrisesshowsthatconflictsandinsecuritywerethemain driversofacutefoodinsecurityin2019.Conflictsandinsecuritycanlimittheaccesstofoodand havenegativeimpactsonthefoodandnutritionalstatusofpopulations.Foodsystemscanbe disrupted.Foodproductioncanbeimpactedasnaturalresources(agriculturalland,water, forests),infrastructureproductionmeans(likeseeds,agriculturalequipment)andlivestockmay bedamagedanddestroyedbytheconflictsthemselvesordirectlytargetedbybelligerents. Limitationsofmovementscanlimittheaccesstolandforfarmersandtofoodmarketsforboth farmersandpopulationsandaffecttradeflows.Inparallel,displacementofpeopleduetothe conflictorinsecuritymakespopulationsmorevulnerabletofoodinsecurityandmalnutritionas theyhavetoabandontheirlivelihoodsandassets. Anotherchallengeareaccessconstraintstopopulationsinconflictareasbytheinternational community,whichpreventfoodassistancetoreachthemostvulnerablepopulations.Even thoughtheUNSecurityCouncilpassedResolution2417inMay2018tocondemnthestarvingof civiliansasamethodofwarfare,itisstillusedinseveralconflicts.Theresolutionalsocondemns theunlawfuldenialofhumanitarianaccesstocivilianpopulations.Yet,insomecontexts, counter-terrorismmeasuresandclausesthreatenhumanitarianprincipledactionandaccess, andaffectagriculturalproductionandlocaleconomies. Conflictandfoodinsecurityreinforceeachotherinaviciouscycleasfoodinsecurityand malnutritionarenotonlyaresultofarmedviolencebutmayalsobeanactivedriverofconflicts.© Kathleen Prior pour Action contre la Faim
-Bangladesh 6Focusonclimatechange
Climatechange,foodproduction,andnutritionhaveanimpactuponeachother.Climate changehasanegativeeffectonthefourpillarsoffoodsecurityandasaresulttheconsumption ofhealthydiets.Italsodecreasesthenutritionalvalueoffood.Indeed,thenutrientcontentof crops,especiallyproteins,ironandzinc,per-capitaavailabilityoffruitsandvegetablescanbe affectedbyclimatechange.14Climatechangedisruptslocalclimateconditions,oftenindicated throughchangesinavailablewaterresourcesandrelatedwatersecurityfortheregion,and reducesagriculturaloutput.Asweatherpatterns,suchasrain,temperature,wind,etc.become moreextremeanderratic,agriculturebecomesmorechallenging.Therefore,foodsystemsand agriculturesectorsarethefirsttobeaffectedbyclimatechange,whileparadoxicallyalso contributingtoit. Thecurrentindustrialfoodsystemsareresponsibleforalmostone-thirdofgreenhousegas emissions,ashighlightedbythe2019IPCCReportonLand.Degradationofnaturalland,suchas deforestationinordertogrowcrops,destroyscarbonsinkandreleasesCO2intothe atmosphere,thusfurtherexacerbatingtheclimatecrisis.Productionmethodsthatrelyonthe useofchemicalinputsleadtothefurtherreleaseofgreenhousegas,waterpollution,and underminebiodiversityalongtheway.Foodtransformation,packaging,andtransport, unavoidableinanindustrializedandglobalizedfoodsystemalsocontributetoCO2emissions. Additionally,industriallivestocksystemsposehazardstotheenvironment.Thehugeincreasein intensivelivestockproductionhasbeenthemostsignificantcauseofthehugelossof biodiversityinrecentdecades.Focusongenderinequality
Womenplaycriticalrolesinfoodsystems.Worldwide,theymakeup43percentofthe agriculturallabourforce15andnearly50percentoffarmersinEasternandSouth-easternAsia andsub-SaharanAfrica16.Thoughwomenaredisproportionatelyresponsibleforhouseholdfood preparation(almost90percent),theyhavelimitedaccesstoland,education,information, credit,technology,anddecision-makingforums.Toooften,womenarenotviewedasequal playersinthehouseholdandcommunity.Theyarenotconsultedontheuseofhousehold incomeorcommunityplansfornaturalresources,suchasallocationoflimitedwaterresources acrossmultipledemandsforproductionanddomesticuse.Asaresult,theirknowledgeisnot captured,theirprioritiesarenotreflected,theirneedsarenotaddressed,andtheirrightsare notrespected. Genderinequalityisalsoastrongdeterminantofwomen͛sandgirls͛nutritionalstatus, influencingtheirroleandthedistributionoflabourandleadingtoadisproportionateandunpaid careburdenonwomenandgirls.Socialnormsinsomeculturescanbeharmfultowomenand girls,andwomenmaynotbeabletomakedecisionsorinfluencehowhouseholdresourcesare beingused.Harmfulsocialandculturalpractices,suchaschildmarriage,canaffectthehealth andnutritionofwomenandgirls.Genderinequalityinaccesstoandcontroloverresourcesis notonlyunjustbutcanalsoseverelyimpairwomen͛sabilitytoprovidefood,care,andhealth andsanitationservicesforthemselves,leadingtoastrongimpactonnutritionoutcomes. Globally,anemiainwomenistwicethatofmenandhasremainedstagnantforyears14 Review: Climate change impacts on food security-focus on perennial cropping systems and nutritional value, Courtney P.
Leisner, 2020, Link
15The role of women in agriculture, FAO, 2011, Link
16Smallholders and family farmers, FAO, 2012, Link
7 AccordingtotheFAO,͞agroecologyisanintegratedapproachthatsimultaneouslyappliesecological andsocialconceptsandprinciplestothedesignandmanagementoffoodandagriculturalsystems. Itseekstooptimizetheinteractionsbetweenplants,animals,humansandtheenvironmentwhile takingintoconsiderationthesocialaspectsthatneedtobeaddressedforasustainableandfairfood system."17 Agroecologyprovideslocalsolutionstofoodinsecurityandallowscommunitiestobecomemore autonomousandself-sufficient,particularlyinregionswherehouseholdsrelyprimarilyontheirown production.Thestrongspecializationputforwardbyindustrialagricultureledtothedevelopmentof mono-culturalsystems,whichallowedyieldincreaseofcerealcrops,richincarbohydrates,butpoor intheessentialmicronutrientsneededforbetternutrition.Onthecontrary,agroecologypromotes farmcropdiversificationadaptedtolocalconditions.Thishelpssecureahealthierandmore balanceddiet.Moregenerally,productionbasedonagroecologyprovidessafe,nutritious,and locallyavailablefoodproducedwithlessornochemicalinputs. InlinewiththeEuropeanGreenDealpriorities,agroecologicalpracticescontributetothereduction oftheimpactoftheagriculturalsectorontheclimatecrisisbypromotingtechniqueswithfewer greenhousegasemissions.Theyincreaseclimateresiliencebydiversifyingcropsandusingfarmers͛ seedsadaptedforlocalconditionsandtechniques,whichpreservebiodiversity.Agroecologyalso preservestheenvironmentthroughorganicfertilizationofsoils,supportssoilrestorationand combatsdesertificationforexamplebyusingagroforestry. Local,small-scalefoodsystemsareattheheartofthisapproach.Familyfarmsrepresentover90 percentofallfarmsglobally,andproduce80percentoftheworld'sfoodinvalueterms18,thus playingacentralroleinsupplyingrural,urbanandperi-urbanconsumerswithfoodcommodities. Agroecologyalsosupportseconomicresilienceforfarmersbydecreasingtheirrelianceonexpensive externalinputs(chemicals,equipmentetc). Forexample,inNiger,thankstothewidespreadadoptionofFarmerManagedNaturalRegeneration (FMNR)19inthe1970sand1980s,farmershaveproducedanadditional500,000tonsofcerealper year.Asaresult,2.5millionpeoplearemorefoodsecuretoday.20AGROECOLOGY
: A MODEL THAT BUILDS THE RESILIENCE OF PEOPLEAND FOOD SYSTEMS
17 The 10 elements of agroecology, Guiding the transition to sustainable food and agricultural systems, FAO, 2018, Link
18Launch of the UN͛s Decade of Family Farming to unleash family farmers͛ full potential, FAO, Link
19FMNR is a low-cost land restoration technique used to combat poverty and hunger amongst poor subsistence farmers
by increasing food and timber production and resilience to climate extremes. It involves the systematic regrowth and
management of trees and shrubs from felled tree stumps, sprouting root systems or seeds.