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f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page ii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page i

Android

Hacker"s Handbook

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page ii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page iii

Joshua J. Drake

Pau Oliva Fora

Zach Lanier

Collin Mulliner

Stephen A. Ridley

Georg Wicherski

Android

Hacker"s

Handbook

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page iv

Android

Hacker"s Handbook

Published by

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Indianapolis, IN 46256

www.wiley.com Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

ISBN: 978-1-118-60864-7

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is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. v f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page v Joshua J. Drake is a Director of Research Science at Accuvant LABS. Joshua focuses on original research in areas such as reverse engineering and the analy- sis, discovery, and exploitation of security vulnerabilities. He has over 10 years of experience in the information security ? eld including researching Linux security since 1994, researching Android security since 2009, and consulting with major Android OEMs since 2012. In prior roles, he served at Metasploit and VeriSign"s iDefense Labs. At BlackHat USA 2012, Georg and Joshua demon- strated successfully exploiting the Android 4.0.1 browser via NFC. Joshua spoke at REcon, CanSecWest, RSA, Ruxcon/Breakpoint, Toorcon, and DerbyCon. He won Pwn2Own in 2013 and won the DefCon 18 CTF with the ACME Pharm team in 2010.

Pau Oliva Fora

is a Mobile Security Engineer with viaForensics. He has pre- viously worked as R+D Engineer in a wireless provider. He has been actively researching security aspects on the Android operating system since its debut with the T-Mobile G1 on October 2008. His passion for smartphone security has manifested itself not just in the numerous exploits and tools he has authored but in other ways, such as serving as a moderator for the very popular XDA- Developers forum even before Android existed. In his work, he has provided consultation to major Android OEMs. His close involvement with and observa- tion of the mobile security communities has him particularly excited to be a part of pulling together a book of this nature. Zach Lanier is a Senior Security Researcher at Duo Security. Zach has been involved in various areas of information security for over 10 years. He has been conducting mobile and embedded security research since 2009,

About the Authors

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page vi ranging from app security, to platform security (especially Android), to device, network, and carrier security. His areas of research interest include both offensive and defensive techniques, as well as privacy-enhancing technologies. He has presented at various public and private industry conferences, such as BlackHat, DEFCON, ShmooCon, RSA, Intel Security Conference, Amazon

ZonCon, and more.

Collin Mulliner is a postdoctoral researcher at Northeastern University. His main interest lies in security and privacy of mobile and embedded systems with an emphasis on mobile and smartphones. His early work dates back to 1997, when he developed applications for Palm OS. Collin is known for his work on the (in) security of the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and the Short Message Service (SMS). In the past he was mostly interested in vulnerability analysis and offensive security but recently switched his focus the defensive side to develop mitigations and countermeasures. Collin received a Ph.D. in computer science computer science at UC Santa Barbara and FH Darmstadt. Ridley (as his colleagues refer to him) is a security researcher and author with more than 10 years of experience in software development, software security, and reverse engineering. In that last few years Stephen has presented his research and spoken about reverse engineering and software security on every continent (except Antarctica). Previously Stephen served as the Chief Information Security Of? cer of Simple.com, a new kind of online bank. Before that, Stephen was senior researcher at Matasano Security and a founding member of the Security and Mission Assurance (SMA) group at a major U.S defense contractor, where he specialized in vulnerability research, reverse engineering, and "offensive software" in support of the U.S. Defense and Intelligence community. At pres- ent, Stephen is principal researcher at Xipiter (an information security R&D ? rm that has also developed a new kind of low-power smart-sensor device). Recently, Stephen and his work have been featured on NPR and NBC and in Wired, the Washington Post, Fast Company, VentureBeat, Slashdot, The Register, and other publications. Georg Wicherski is Senior Security Researcher at CrowdStrike. Georg particularly enjoys tinkering with the low-level parts in computer security; hand-tuning custom-written shellcode and getting the last percent in exploit reliability stable. Before joining CrowdStrike, Georg worked at Kaspersky and McAfee. At BlackHat USA 2012, Joshua and Georg demonstrated successfully exploiting the Android 4.0.1 browser via NFC. He spoke at REcon, SyScan, BlackHat USA and Japan, 26C3, ph-Neutral, INBOT, and various other confer- ences. With his local CTF team 0ldEur0pe, he participated in countless and won numerous competitions. vi About the Authors vii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page vii Rob Shimonski (www.shimonski.com) is a best-selling author and editor with over 15 years" experience developing, producing and distributing print media in the form of books, magazines, and periodicals. To date, Rob has successfully created over 100 books that are currently in circulation. Rob has worked for countless companies that include CompTIA, Microsoft, Wiley, McGraw Hill Education, Cisco, the National Security Agency, and Digidesign. Rob has over 20 years" experience working in IT, networking, systems, and security. He is a veteran of the US military and has been entrenched in security topics for his entire professional career. In the military Rob was assigned to a communications (radio) battalion supporting training efforts and exercises. Having worked with mobile phones practically since their inception, Rob is an expert in mobile phone development and security.

About the Technical Editor

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page viii ix f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page ix

Executive Editor

Carol Long

Project Editors

Ed Connor

Sydney Jones Argenta

Technical Editor

Rob Shimonski

Production Editor

Daniel Scribner

Copy Editor

Charlotte Kughen

Editorial Manager

Mary Beth Wake? eld

Freelancer Editorial Manager

Rosemarie Graham

Associate Director of Marketing

David MayhewMarketing ManagerAshley Zurcher

Business Manager

Amy Knies

Vice President and Executive

Group Publisher

Richard Swadley

Associate Publisher

Jim Minatel

Project Coordinator, Cover

Todd Klemme

Proofreaders

Mark Steven Long

Josh Chase, Word One

Indexer

Ron Strauss

Cover Designer

Wiley

Credits

Cover Image

The Android robot is reproduced or modi? ed from work created and shared by Google and used according to terms described in the Creative Commons

3.0 Attribution License.

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page x xi f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xi I thank my family, especially my wife and son, for their tireless support and affection during this project. I thank my peers from both industry and academia; their research efforts push the boundary of public knowledge. I extend my gratitude to: my esteemed coauthors for their contributions and candid discus- sions, Accuvant for having the grace to let me pursue this and other endeavors, and Wiley for spurring this project and guiding us along the way. Last, but not least, I thank the members of #droidsec, the Android Security Team, and the Qualcomm Security Team for pushing Android security forward.

Joshua J. Drake

I"d like to thank Iolanda Vilar for pushing me into writing this book and sup- porting me during all the time I"ve been away from her at the computer. Ricard and Elena for letting me pursue my passion when I was a child. Wiley and all the coauthors of this book, for the uncountable hours we"ve been working on this together, and specially Joshua Drake for all the help with my broken English. The colleagues at viaForensics for the awesome technical research we do together. And ? nally all the folks at #droidsec irc channel, the Android Security com- munity in G+, Nopcode, 48bits, and everyone who I follow on Twitter; without you I wouldn"t be able to keep up with all the advances in mobile security.

Pau Oliva

Acknowledgments

xii Acknowledgments f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xii I would like to thank Sally, the love of my life, for putting up with me; my family for encouraging me; Wiley/Carol/Ed for the opportunity; my coauthors for sharing this arduous but awesome journey; Ben Nell, Craig Ingram, Kelly Lum, Chris Valasek, Jon Oberheide, Loukas K., Chris Valasek, John Cran, and Patrick Schulz for their support and feedback; and other friends who"ve helped and supported me along the way, whether either of us knows it or not.

Zach Lanier

I would like to thank my girlfriend Amity, my family, and my friends and colleagues for their continued support. Further, I would like to thank my advi- sors for providing the necessary time to work on the book. Special thanks to

Joshua for making this book happen.

Collin Mulliner

No one deserves more thanks than my parents: Hiram O. Russell, and Imani Russell, and my younger siblings: Gabriel Russell and Mecca Russell. A great deal of who (and what) I am, is owed to the support and love of my family. Both of my parents encouraged me immensely and my brother and sister never cease to impress me in their intellect, accomplishments, and quality as human beings. You all are what matter most to me. I would also like to thank my beautiful ? an- cée, Kimberly Ann Hartson, for putting up with me through this whole process and being such a loving and calming force in my life. Lastly, I would like to thank the information security community at large. The information security community is a strange one, but one I "grew up" in nonetheless. Colleagues and researchers (including my coauthors) are a source of constant inspiration and provide me with the regular sources of news, drama, and aspirational goals that keep me interested in this kind of work. I am quite honored to have been given the opportunity to collaborate on this text.

Stephen A. Ridley

I sincerely thank my wife, Eva, and son, Jonathan, for putting up with me spending time writing instead of caring for them. I love you two. I thank Joshua for herding cats to make this book happen.

Georg Wicherski

xiii f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xiii

Introduction xxv

Chapter 1 Looking at the Ecosystem 1

Chapter 2 Android Security Design and Architecture 25

Chapter 3 Rooting Your Device 57

Chapter 4 Reviewing Application Security 83

Chapter 5 Understanding Android"s Attack Surface 129 Chapter 6 Finding Vulnerabilities with Fuzz Testing 177 Chapter 7 Debugging and Analyzing Vulnerabilities 205

Chapter 8 Exploiting User Space Software 263

Chapter 9 Return Oriented Programming 291

Chapter 10 Hacking and Attacking the Kernel 309

Chapter 11 Attacking the Radio Interface Layer 367

Chapter 12 Exploit Mitigations 391

Chapter 13 Hardware Attacks 423

Appendix A Tool Catalog 485

Appendix B Open Source Repositories 501

Appendix C References 511

Index 523

Contents at a Glance

f? rs.indd 01:50:14:PM 02/28/2014 Page xiv xv ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xv

Introduction xxv

Chapter 1 Looking at the Ecosystem 1

Understanding Android"s Roots 1

Company History 2

Version History 2

Examining the Device Pool 4

Open Source, Mostly 7

Understanding Android Stakeholders 7

Google 8

Hardware Vendors 10

Carriers 12

Developers 13

Users 14

Grasping Ecosystem Complexities 15

Fragmentation 16

Compatibility 17

Update Issues 18

Security versus Openness 21

Public Disclosures 22

Summary 23

Chapter 2 Android Security Design and Architecture 25

Understanding Android System Architecture 25

Understanding Security Boundaries and Enforcement 27

Android"s Sandbox 27

Android Permissions 30

Looking Closer at the Layers 34

Android Applications 34

The Android Framework 39

Contents

xvi Contents ftoc.indd 09:50:43:PM 03/04/2014 Page xvi

The Dalvik Virtual Machine 40

User-Space Native Code 41

The Kernel 49

Complex Security, Complex Exploits 55

Summary 56

Chapter 3 Rooting Your Device 57

Understanding the Partition Layout 58

Determining the Partition Layout 59

Understanding the Boot Process 60

Accessing Download Mode 61

Locked and Unlocked Boot Loaders 62

Stock and Custom Recovery Images 63

Rooting with an Unlocked Boot Loader 65

Rooting with a Locked Boot Loader 68

Gaining Root on a Booted System 69

NAND Locks, Temporary Root, and Permanent Root 70

Persisting a Soft Root 71

History of Known Attacks 73

Kernel: Wunderbar/asroot 73

Recovery: Volez 74

Udev: Exploid 74

Adbd: RageAgainstTheCage 75

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