[PDF] iesc103.pdf Atoms of the same element





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iesc103.pdf

Ancient Indian and Greek philosophers have

always wondered about the unknown and unseen form of matter. The idea of divisibility of matter was considered long back in India, around 500 BC. An Indian philosopher

Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on

dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a time will come when we shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division will not be possible. He named these particles

Parmanu. Another Indian philosopher,

Pakudha Katyayama, elaborated this doctrine

and said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives us various forms of matter.

Around the same era, ancient Greek

philosophers - Democritus and Leucippus suggested that if we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these indivisible particles atoms (meaning indivisible). All this was based on philosophical considerations and not much experimental work to validate these ideas could be done till the eighteenth century.

By the end of the eighteenth century,

scientists recognised the difference between elements and compounds and naturally became interested in finding out how and why elements combine and what happens when they combine.

Antoine L. Lavoisier laid the foundation

of chemical sciences by establishing two important laws of chemical combination.

3.1Laws of Chemical Combination

The following two laws of chemical

combination were established after muchexperimentations by Lavoisier and Joseph

L. Proust.

3.1.1LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Is there a change in mass when a chemical

change (chemical reaction) takes place?Activity______________3.1

•Take one of the following sets, X and Y

of chemicals- XY (i)copper sulphatesodium carbonate (ii)barium chloridesodium sulphate (iii)lead nitratesodium chloride•Prepare separately a 5% solution of any one pair of substances listed under X and Y in water.•Take a little amount of solution of Y in a conical flask and some solution of X in an ignition tube.•Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully; see that the solutions do not get mixed. Put a cork on the flask (see Fig. 3.1).Fig. 3.1: Ignition tube containing solution of X, dipped in a conical flask containing solution of Y.3 AA AAATOMSTOMSTOMSTOMSTOMS ANDANDANDANDAND M M M M MOLECULESOLECULESOLECULESOLECULESOLECULESC hapter

SCIENCE32•Weigh the flask with its contents

carefully.•Now tilt and swirl the flask, so that the

solutions X and Y get mixed.•Weigh again.•What happens in the reaction flask?•Do you think that a chemical reaction

has taken place?•Why should we put a cork on the mouth of the flask?•Does the mass of the flask and its contents change?

Law of conservation of mass states that

mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

3.1.2LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS

Lavoisier, along with other scientists, noted

that many compounds were composed of two or more elements and each such compound had the same elements in the same proportions, irrespective of where the compound came from or who prepared it.

In a compound such as water, the ratio of

the mass of hydrogen to the mass of oxygen is always 1:8, whatever the source of water.

Thus, if of water is decomposed, of

hydrogen and of oxygen are always obtained. Similarly in ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in the ratio 14:3 by mass, whatever the method or the source from which it is obtained.

This led to the law of constant proportions

which is also known as the law of definite proportions. This law was stated by Proust as "In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass".quotesdbs_dbs7.pdfusesText_5
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