[PDF] Networking Basics - Class Presentation





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Computer Networks

Types of Networks. » Network Devices. » Networking Topologies. » Identifying Nodes in a Networked. Communication. » Internet Web and the.



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Types of Networks Point to point vs Broadcast Circuit switched vs packet switched Local Area Networks (LAN) 0-2 km Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) 2-50 km Wide Area Networks (WAN) 50+ km WAN Bus LAN Ring LAN The Ohio State UniversityRaj Jain 2- 6 Protocol Layers



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Networking Basics - Class Presentation

Desirable 10 12 to 10 15 networks Raj Jain 27 IPv6 Addresses q 128-bit long Fixed size q 2128 = 3 4×10 38 addresses ? 665×10 21 addresses per sq m of earth surface

What are the devices used to connect network?

6. Devices Use To Connect Network: ? ? Routers ? Gateways ? Repeaters ? Bridges ? Hub ? Modem 6 7. Types Of Network: ? ? Local Area Network ? Wide Area Network ? Metropolitan Area Network 7 8.

What is a LAN network?

Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Personal Area Network (PAN) A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among computer devices, usually within an office building or home. LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users

What is a network and how does it work?

network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. Local Area Network (LAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

What is a man network?

1. Is collection of LANs with the same geographical area, for instance a city. 2. Is a network of computers located at different sites within a large physical area, such as a city. 3. MAN often acts as a high speed network (although not as fast as LAN) to allow sharing of regional resources.

Raj Jain

BasicsBasicsBasicsBasics

Raj Jain

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH 43210

Jain@CIS.Ohio-State.Edu

http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/

Raj Jain

2Overview

Overview

qStandards Organizations qISO/OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model qFlow and Error Control qEthernet, HDLC, PPP qInternet Protocol (IP), IPv6 qTCP qDomain Name System

Raj Jain

3International Standards Organizations

International Standards Organizations

qISO: International Standards Organization

Chartered by United Nations

qITU: International Telecommunications Union mITU-T: Consultative Committee on International

Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT)

mITU-R: Consultative Committee on International

Radio (CCIR)

mExample Standards: G.724, X.25, Q.931 mwww.itu.chqIEC: International Electrotechnical Commission

Raj Jain

4National Standards Organizations

National Standards Organizations

qANSI: American National Standards Institute mwww.ansi.orgmNon-governmental, nonprofit, over 300 committees mANSI T1.105-1995 SONET

ANSI X3.131-1994 SCSI-2

mRepresents USA in ITU, IEC, and ISO

Raj Jain

5Professional Associations

Professional Associations

qIEEE: Inst of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, mstandards.ieee.orgmIEEE Þ ISO (via ANSI) mEthernet Þ IEEE 802.3 Þ ISO 8802-3:1998 qEIA: Electronic Industries Association, www.eia.orgmExample: EIA-232 (RS-232) qTIA: Telecommunications Industries Association, mwww.tiaonline.orgqATM Forum, www.atmforum.comqFrame Relay Forum, www.frforum.com

Raj Jain

6Professional Communities

Professional Communities

qIETF: mInternet Engineering Task Force, www.ietf.orgmOriginated by DARPA for TCP/IP protocol development mNow chartered by Internet Society mRequest for Comments (RFC),

E.g., www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0793.txt = TCP

mInternet Drafts: ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/qdraft-ietf-diffserv-framework-02.txt qdraft-bhani-mpls-te-eval-00.txt

Raj Jain

7ISO/OSI Reference Model

ISO/OSI Reference ModelApplication

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

Physical

How to transmit signal: CodingTwo party communication: EthernetRouting, Addressing: IPEnd-to-end communication: TCPFile transfer, Email, Remote Login

ASCII Text, Sound

Establish/manage connection123

Raj Jain

8TCP/IP Reference Model

TCP/IP Reference Model

qTCP = Transport Control Protocol qIP = Internet Protocol (Routing)Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

PhysicalApplication

Transport

Internetwork

Host to

NetworkFTP

TCP IP Ether netTelnetHTTP UDP

Packet

RadioPoint-to-

PointTCP/IP Ref ModelOSI Ref ModelTCP/IP Protocols

Raj Jain

9Layered Packet Format

Layered Packet Format

qNth layer control info is passed as N-1th layer data.FTP DataFTP

HeaderTCP DataTCP

HeaderIP DataIP

HeaderEthernet DataEthernet

HeaderEthernet

Trailer

Raj Jain

10Flow Control

Flow Control

qFlow Control = Sender does not flood the receiver, but maximizes throughput qSender throttled until receiver grants permission qMethods: Stop and wait, Sliding windowData

AckSenderReceiverData

AckSenderReceiver

DataData

AckAckData

Raj Jain

11Error Control

Error Control

qError Control = Deliver frames without error, in the proper order to network layer qError Detection: Cyclic Redundancy Check, Sequence

Numbers, Ack/Nak, Time-out

qError Recovery: Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

Stop and Wait, Go back n Selective Reject1

Ack 22

2

TimeoutAck 33

Ack 51

Srej 33

Ack 51

Raj Jain

12Connection-Oriented vs

Connection-Oriented vs

Connectionless

Connectionless

qConnection-Oriented: Telephone System mPath setup before data is sent mData need not have address. Circuit number is sufficient. qConnectionless: Postal System. mComplete address on each packet mThe address decides the next hop at each router

Raj Jain

13Multiple Access Protocols

Multiple Access Protocols

(a) Multiple Access (b) Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

Raj Jain

14Multiple Access Protocols

Multiple Access Protocols

qAloha at University of Hawaii:

Transmit whenever you like

Worst case utilization = 1/(2e) =18%

qCSMA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access

Listen before you transmit

qCSMA/CD: CSMA with Collision Detection

Listen while transmitting.

Stop if you hear someone else.

qEthernet uses CSMA/CD.

Standardized by IEEE 802.3 committee.

Raj Jain

15Ethernet Standards

Ethernet Standards

q10BASE5: 10 Mb/s over coaxial cable (ThickWire) q10BROAD36: 10 Mb/s over broadband cable, 3600 m max segments q1BASE5: 1 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP q10BASE2: 10 Mb/s over thin RG58 coaxial cable (ThinWire), 185 m max segments q10BASE-T: 10 Mb/s over 2 pairs of UTP q10BASE-FL: 10 Mb/s fiber optic point-to-point link q10BASE-FB: 10 Mb/s fiber optic backbone (between repeaters). Also, known as synchronous Ethernet.

Raj Jain

16HDLC Family

HDLC Family

qSynchronous Data Link Control (SDLC): IBM qHigh-Level Data Link Control (HDLC): ISO qLink Access Procedure-Balanced (LAPB): X.25 qLink Access Procedure for the D channel (LAPD): ISDN qLink Access Procedure for modems (LAPM): V.42 qLink Access Procedure for half-duplex links (LAPX):

Teletex

qPoint-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet qLogical Link Control (LLC): IEEE qAdvanced Data Comm Control Proc (ADCCP): ANSI qV.120 and Frame relay also use HDLC

Raj Jain

17HDLC

HDLC qPrimary station: Issue commands qSecondary Station:Issue responses qCombined Station: Both primary and secondary qUnbalanced Configuration: One or more secondary qBalanced Configuration: Two combined station qNormal Response Mode (NRM): Response from secondary qAsynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM): Combined

Station

qAsynchronous Response Mode (ARM): Secondary may respond before command

Raj Jain

18HDLC Framing: Bit Stuffing

HDLC Framing: Bit Stuffing

qHDLC frames are delimited by flags: 01111110 qStuff bits if pattern appears in data qRemove stuffed bits at destinationTransmitter

Receiver0 11111 11111 11111 10010

01111110 0 111110 111110 111110 10010 011111100 11111 11111 11111 10010Flag

Raj Jain

19HDLC Frames

HDLC Frames

qInformation Frames: User data mPiggybacked Acks: Next frame expected mPoll/Final = Command/Response qSupervisory Frames: Flow and error control mGo back N and Selective Reject mFinal Þ No more data to send qUnnumbered Frames: Control mMode setting commands and responses mInformation transfer commands and responses mRecovery commands and responses mMiscellaneous commands and responses

Raj Jain

20PPP: Introduction

PPP: Introduction

qPoint-to-point Protocol qOriginally for User-network connection qNow being used for router-router connection also qPPP is used when you connect to an internet service provider (ISP) via modem qPPP is a variation of HDLC qUses flags like HDLC qUses byte stuffing in stead of bit stuffing

Raj Jain

21PPP in HDLC-Like

PPP in HDLC-Like

Framing

Framing

qFlag = 0111 1110 = 7E qByte Stuffing:

7E Þ 7D 5E

7D Þ 7D 5DFlagAddressControlProtocol

Raj Jain

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