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FUNDAMENTALS OF 5G MOBILE NETWORKS

FUNDAMENTALS OF 5G MOBILE NETWORKS

Edited by

Jonathan

R odriguez

Senior Research Fellow

Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal

This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United KingdomFor details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.The right of the authors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data applied for.ISBN: 9781118867525A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India1 2015

About the Editor

Jonathan

R odriguez received his MSc and PhD degrees in Electronic and Electrical Engineering from the University of Surrey, United Kingdom, in 1998 and 2004, respec tively. In 2005, he became a researcher at the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Aveiro, Portugal, and a member of the Wireless Communications Scientific Area. In 2008, he became a Senior Researcher and was granted an independent researcher role where he established the 4TELL Group (http://www.av.it.pt/4TELL/), a visionary research group developing innovation for nextgeneration mobile networks, with key interests on green communications, cooperation, security, radio frequency design and 5G. Since its inception, the group has steadily grown and now Dr Rodriguez is responsible for managing 36 research staff, that includes the supervision of 10 PhD students and 10 post-doctoral researchers. Since 2009, he has become an Invited Professor at the University of Aveiro, where he teaches specialist modules on wireless communications as part of the integrated Masters course in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. In 2007, he coordinated the international Eureka Celtic LOOP project, and wasthen coordinator for the FP7ICT C2POWER project. He has also served as General Chair forthe ACMsponsored MOBIMEDIA 2010 (6th International Mobile Multimedia Communications Conference), Co-Chair for the EAI sponsored WICON 2014 (8th International Wireless Internet Conference), and was work shop chair on 17 occasions in major international conferences that include IEEE Globecom and IEEE ICC, among others. He is the author of more than 300 scientific works, that include

50 peerreviewed international journals, and five edited books. He was responsible for

winning 30 research grants with a project portfolio in excess of 5m €. His professional affili ations include Member of IET, Senior Member of the IEEE, and Chartered Engineer (CEng).

Contributor Biographies xiii

Preface

xxix

Acknowledgements

xxxi

Introduction

xxxiii 1 Drivers for 5G: The ‘Pervasive Connected World" 1 1.1

Introduction

1 1.2

Historical Trend of Wireless Communications 2

1.3

Evolution of LTE Technology to Beyond 4G 4

1.4

5G Roadmap 5

1.5

10 Pillars of 5G 6

1.5.1

Evolution of Existing RATs 6

1.5.2

Hyperdense SmallCell Deployment 7

1.5.3

SelfOrganising Network 8

1.5.4

Machine Type Communication 8

1.5.5

Developing MillimetreWave RATs 8

1.5.6

Redesigning Backhaul Links 9

1.5.7

Energy Efficiency 9

1.5.8

Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G 10

1.5.9

Spectrum Sharing 10

1.5.10

RAN Virtualisation 10

1.6

5G in Europe 11

1.6.1

Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 11

1.6.2

5G Infrastructure PPP 12

1.6.3

METIS Project 13

1.6.4

5G Innovation Centre 14

1.6.5

Visions of Companies 14

Contents

viii Contents 1.7

5G in North America 15

1.7.1 Academy Research 15

1.7.2 Company R&D 15

1.8

5G in Asia 16

1.8.1 5G in China 16

1.8.2 5G in South Korea 19

1.8.3 5G in Japan 21

1.9

5G Architecture 23

1.10

Conclusion

24

Acknowledgements

25

References

25
2

The 5G Internet 29

2.1

Introduction

29
2.2

Internet of Things and ContextAwareness 32

2.2.1 Internet of Things 33

2.2.2

ContextAwareness 34

2.3 Networking Reconfiguration and Virtualisation Support 35

2.3.1 Software Defined Networking 36

2.3.2 Network Function Virtualisation 38

2.4

Mobility

40

2.4.1 An Evolutionary Approach from the Current Internet 40

2.4.2 A CleanSlate Approach 45

2.5

Quality of Service Control 47

2.5.1 Network Resource Provisioning 47

2.5.2 Aggregate Resource Provisioning 49

2.6 Emerging Approach for Resource OverProvisioning 50

2.6.1 Control Information Repository 53

2.6.2 Service Admission Control Policies 53

2.6.3 Network Resource Provisioning 53

2.6.4 Control Enforcement Functions 54

2.6.5 Network Configurations 54

2.6.6 Network Operations 55

2.7

Summary

57

Acknowledgements

57

References

58
3

Small Cells for 5G Mobile Networks 63

3.1

Introduction

63
3.2

What are Small Cells? 64

3.2.1 WiFi and Femtocells as Candidate SmallCell Technologies 66

3.2.2 WiFi and Femto Performance - Indoors vs Outdoors 70

3.3 Capacity Limits and Achievable Gains with Densification 73

3.3.1 Gains with MultiAntenna Techniques 73

3.3.2 Gains with Small Cells 76

Contents ix

3.4

Mobile Data Demand 81

3.4.1

Approach and Methodology 81

3.5

Demand vs Capacity 81

3.6

SmallCell Challenges 93

3.7

Conclusions and Future Directions 97

References

99
4 Cooperation for Next Generation Wireless Networks 105 4.1

Introduction

105
4.2

Cooperative Diversity and Relaying Strategies 107

4.2.1

Cooperation and Network Coding 107

4.2.2

Cooperative ARQ MAC Protocols 108

4.3

PHY Layer Impact on MAC Protocol Analysis 110

4.3.1

Impact of Fast Fading and Shadowing on Packet

Reception for QoS Guarantee

111
4.3.2

Impact of Shadowing Spatial Correlation 112

4.4

Case Study: NCCARQ 113

4.4.1

NCCARQ Overview 113

4.4.2

PHY Layer Impact 114

4.5

Performance Evaluation 116

4.5.1

Simulation Scenario 116

4.5.2

Simulation Results 117

4.6

Conclusion

122

Acknowledgements

122

References

122
5 Mobile Clouds: Technology and Services for Future Communication Platforms 1255.1 Introduction 125 5.2

The Mobile Cloud 127

5.2.1

User Resources 129

5.2.2

Software Resources 130

5.2.3

Hardware Resources 131

5.2.4

Networking Resources 132

5.3

Mobile Cloud Enablers 133

5.3.1

The Mobile User Domain 133

5.3.2

Wireless Technologies 135

5.3.3

Software and Middleware 139

5.4

Network Coding 140

5.5

Summary

145

References

145
6

Cognitive Radio for 5G Wireless Networks 149

6.1

Introduction

149
6.2 Overview of Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G Wireless 150 6.3

Spectrum Optimisation using Cognitive Radio 152

x Contents 6.4 Relevant Spectrum Optimisation Literature in 5G 152 6.4.1

Dynamic Spectrum Access 152

6.4.2

Spectrum Regulatory Policy 153

6.4.3

Marketing Policy and Model 154

6.5

Cognitive Radio and Carrier Aggregation 154

6.6

EnergyEfficient Cognitive Radio Technology 155

6.7 Key Requirements and Challenges for 5G Cognitive Terminals 156 6.7.1

5G Devices as Cognitive Radio Terminals 157

6.7.2

5G Cognitive Terminal Challenges 159

6.8

Summary

162

References

162
7 The Wireless Spectrum Crunch: White Spaces for 5G? 165 7.1

Introduction

165
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