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ASOQALHISTORYOF

\translatedfromtheFrehch;.by;;f%^;;'^ 'A\ROBERTBALDICK-;,- v^:jj^||;;.

TheTimesLiterarySupplement(London),

reviewingtheFrencheditionofCenturiesof

Childhoodin1960,calledit"amostvaluable

andimportantcontribution...itsinsights opennewdoorsforintellectualexcitement theemergenceofthemodernconceptionof familylifeandthemodernimageofthena- tureofchildren.Thediscoveryofchildhood asadistinctphaseoflife,M.Ariesshows,is arecentevent.UntiltheendoftheMiddle

Ages,thechildwas,almostassoonashewas

weaned,regardedasasmalladult,whomin- gled,competed,worked,andplayedwith matureadults.Onlygraduallydidparents begintoencouragetheseparationofadults andchildren,andanewfamilyattitude,ori- entedaroundthechildandhiseducation, cally,hefindsthatindividualism,farfrom triumphinginourtime,hasbeenheldin checkbythefamilyandthattheincreasing powerofthetightlyknitfamilycirclehas beengainedattheexpenseoftheopen,rich- texturedcommunalsocietyofearliertimes.

Butiftheemphasisonthechildandthehome

hasmeantalossofsocialdiversity,ithasalso providedameansformentoescapetheun- bearablesolitudeofmodernlife.

ThoughCenturiesofChildhooddealspri-

marilywiththefamily,thechild,andthe schoolinpre-nineteenth-centuryFranceand

England,itisundoubtedlydestinedtohave

(continuedonbackflap)

JACKETDESIGNBYANITAKARL

11/62

The Times Literllf'Y SUPPl.em!mt (London),

reviewing the French edition of Centuries of

Childhood in 1960, called it "a most valuable

and important contribution... its insights open new doors for intellectual excitement and curiosity."

The theme of this extraordinary book is

the emergence of the modem conception of family life and the modem image of the na ture of children. The discovery of childhood as a distinct phase of life, M. Aries shows, is a recent event. Until the end of the Middle

Ages, the child was, almost

as soon as he was weaned, regarded as a small adult, who min gled, competed, worked, and played with mature adults.

Only gradually did parents

begin to encourage the separation of adults and children, and a new family attitude, ori ented around the child and his education, appeared.

M. Aries traces this metamorphosis through

the paintings diaries of four centuries, the history of games and skills, and the develop ment of schools and their curricula. Ironi cally, he finds that individualism, far from triumphing in our time, has been held in check by the family and that the increasing power of the tightly knit family circle has been gained at the expense of the open, rich textured communal society of earlier times. But if the emphasis on the child and the home has meant a loss of social diversity, it has also provided a means for men to escape the un bearable solitude of modem life.

Though

Centuries of Childhood deals pri

marily with the family, the child, and the school in pre-nineteenth-century France and

England,

it is undoubtedly destined to have (continued on back fl4p)

JACKET DESIGN BY ANITA KARL

11/62

CENTURIESOFCHILDHOOD

;-AT

311974o:,r

CENTURIES OF CHILDHOOD

PHILIPPEARIES

CENTURIESOF

CHILDHOOD

ASocialHistoryof

FamilyLife

TranslatedfromtheFrenchby

ROBERTBALDICK

NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf

1962

PHILIPPE ARIES

CENTURIES 0 F

CHILDHOOD

A Social History of

Family Life

Translated from the French by

ROBERT BALDICK

New York: Alfred A. Knopf

1962

TranslatedfromtheFrench

1960byLibrairiePlon,Paris

Englishversion1962byJonathanCapeLtd

PRINTEDINGREATBRITAIN

Translated from the French

L' Et!fant tt la Ilk familiak SfJUJ I' andm ,.gime

© 1960 Librairie PIon, Paris

English version (S) 1962 by Jonathan Cape Ltd

PRINTIID IN CRIIAT BIUTAiN

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION9

PARTONE:THEIDEAOFCHILDHOOD

ITHEAGESOFLIFE15

HTHEDISCOVERYOFCHILDHOOD33

raCHILDREN'SDRESS50

VFROMIMMODESTYTOINNOCENCEIOO

CONCLUSION:THETWOCONCEPTSOFCHILDHOOD128

PARTTWO:SCHOLASTICLIFE

IMEDIEVALSCHOLARSYOUNGANDOLD137

nANEWINSTITUTION:THECOLLEGE155

IIITHEORIGINSOFTHESCHOOLCLASS176

IVTHEPUPIL'SAGEl8p

VTHEPROGRESSOFDISCIPLINE241

VIFROMDAY-SCHOOLTOBOARDING-SCHOOL269

viiTHE'LITTLESCHOOLS'286

VIHTHEROUGHNESSOFSCHOOLCHILDREN315

PARTTHREE:THEFAMILY

IPICTURESOFTHEFAMILY339

CONCLUSION:THEFAMILYANDSOCIABILITY405

CONCLUSION411

NOTES419

INDEX441

39':<'.3

A b 9c. CONTENTS

mITRODUCTION 9

PART ONE: THE IDEA OF CHILDHOOD

I THE AGES OF LIFE

o

THE DISCOVERY OF CHILDHOOD

m CHILDREN'S DRESS IS 33
SO IV A MODEST CONTRIBUTION TO THE mSTORY OF GAMES AND PASTIMES 62

V FROM IMMODESTY TO INNOCENCE

CONCLUSION: THE TWO CONCEPTS OF CHILDHOOD

PART TWO: SCHOLASTIC LIFE

I MEDIEVAL SCHOLARS YOUNG AND OLD

II A NEW INSTITUTION: THE COLLEGE

01 THE ORIGINS OF THE SCHOOL CLASS

IV THE PUPIL'S AGE

V THE PROGRESS OF DISCIPLINE

VI FROM DAY-SCHOOL TO BOARDING-SCHOOL

VII THE' LITTLE SCHOOLS'

V1ll THE ROUGHNESS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN

100
128
137
ISS 176
189
241
269
286
3IS CONCLUSION: SCHOOL AND THE DURATION OF cmLDHOOD 329

PART THREE: THE FAMILY

I PICTURES OF THE FAMILY

II FROM THE MEDIEVAL FAMILY TO THE MODERN FAMILY

CONCLUSION: THE FAMILY AND SOCIABILITY

CONCLUSION

NOTES INDEX 339
365
405
4II 419

ILLUSTRATIONS

THECHILDRENOFHENRI-LOUISHABERTDEMONTMORT

Paris,1952,No.33facingpage64

THEDUGD'ANJOUASACHILD

byArnoult.Cf.PartI,Chap.Ill,andn.365

THETHIEVES

byCallot.Typicalthievingbeggar-boys65

BURGOMASTERMAYERANDHISFAMILY

Chap.Ill;PartIII,Chap.I,andn.1496

AGAMEOFCHUCKS

Cf.PartI,Chap.HI,andn.18;andChap.IV97

THECRAFTSMANANDHISCHILD

thechild97

THEVANBERGHEMFAMILY,1561

concertduringdessert160

THETAVERN

ANEVENINGBYTHEFIRE

Cf.PartIII,Chap.I,andn.31161

THEWEDDINGPROCESSION

byStella.Cf.PartIII,Chap.I,andn.40192 GRACE

ILLUSTRATIONS

THE CHILDREN OF HENRI-LOUIS HABERT DE MONTMORT

by Philippe de Champaigne, Reims Museum. (Photo Bulloz.)

C£ Part

I, Chap. III. Analysed by B. Dorival in the Catalogue of the Philippe de Champaigne Exhibition at the Orangerie,

Paris, 1952, No. 33 facing page 64

THE DUC D'ANJOU:AS A CIDLD

by Arnoult. Cf. Part I, Chap. III, and n. 3 65

THE THIEVES

by Caliot. Typical thieving beggar-boys 65

BURGOMASTER MAYER AND IDS FAMILY

by Holbein, Dresden. (Photo Alinari-Giraudon.) C£ Part I,

Chap. III; Part III, Chap. I, and n. 14 96

A GAME OF CHUCKS

by S. Leclerc, from Trente-six figures contenant tous les jeux, 1587. C£ Part I, Chap. III, and n. 18; and Chap. IV 97

THE CRAFTSMAN AND IDS CHILD

by Lagniei, from Les Proverbes. Note the little playpen supporting the child 97

THE VAN BERGHEM FAMILY, 1561

by F. Floris. (Photo Bulloz.) Cf. Part I, Chap. IV; Part III, Chap. I, and n. 23. Typical family portrait showing a little concert during dessert 160

THE TAVERN

by Lagniet. Little children are to be seen here too, despite the evil reputation of these haunts. C£ Part III, Chap. II, and n. 47 161

AN EVENING BY THE FIRE

by Stella. An allegory (winter) treated as a scene of family life.

Cf. Part

III, Chap. I, and n. 31 161

THE WEDDING PROCESSION

by Stella. C£ Part III, Chap. I, and n. 40 192 GRACE by Stradan. One of many such pictures dating from the seven teenth century, showing a child saying grace. Cf. Part

III, Chap. I 192

ILLUSTRATIONS7

BLINDMAN'SBUFFandTHEPAPERGAME

facingpage193

ACLASS

Arnheim,1602.Cf.PartII,Chap.Ill256

SETTINGOFFFORSCHOOL

theirway.Cf.PartII,Chap.VandVI256

ASCHOOLSIGN

Cf.PartII,Chap.VII,andn.31257

THEMASTERSCRIBE*SCLASS

Chap.VII,andn.28288

CHILDPLAYINGWITHYOUNGVALET

PartIII,Chap.II289

THESTEPSOFTHEAGESOFLIFE

Cf.PartI,Chap.I289

THEFEASTOFSTNICHOLAS

Giraudon.)Cf.PartIII,Chap.I,andn.43352

THECARD-PLAYERS

chance.Cf.PartI,Chap.IV353

THEROYALFAMILY

ILLUSTR4'fIONS

BLIND MAN'S BUFF and THE PAPER GAME

7 Details from Les Heures de fa Duchesse de Bourgogne, Chantilly Museum. (Photos Giraudon.) Cf. Part I, Chap. IV, and n. II facing page 193

A CLASS

by Crispin de Pas. Plate from Academia sine vita scho/astica,

Amheim, 1602. C£ Part II, Chap. III 256

SETTING OFF FOR SCHOOL

by Crispin de Pas. The Parents are shown entrusting their boy to a preceptor or rather to an 'old hand'. The latter is being given a chicken, and the boy's father is taking some money out of his purse. In the background other schoolboys can be seen already on their way. Cf. Part

II, Chap. V and VI 256

A SCHOOL SIGN

by Holbein. (above): An evening school for adults. (below): A little school for children.

Basle Museum. (Photos Basle Museum.)

C£ Part II, Chap. VII, and n. 3 I 257

THE MASTER SCRIBE'S CLASS

Note the age of the pupils, who are wearing swords. C£ Part II,

Chap. VII, and n. 28 288

cmLD PLAYING WITH YOUNG VALET by Lagniet. From Les Proverbes. Showing the familiarity which existed between children and servants. C£ Part

I, Chap. V;

Part III, Chap.

II 289

THE STEPS OF THE AGES OF LIFE

C£ Part I, Chap. I 289

THE FEAST OF ST NICHOLAS

by J. Steen, Rijksmuseum. Amsterdam. (Photo Hanfstaengl-

Giraudon.) C£ Part

III, Chap. I, and n. 43 352

THE CARD-PLAYERS

by Le Nain. (Photo Giraudon.) Children playing games of chance. Cf. Part I. Chap. IV 353

THE ROYAL FAMILY

by Nocret, Versailles Museum. (Photo Giraudon.) C£ Part I,

8ILLUSTRATIONS

CHILD'STOMB

ANTOONANSELMEANDHISFAMILY

Chap.I384

LITTLEGIRLATTHEWINE-MERCHANT's

Cf.PartHI,Chap.I,andn.34385

8 ILLUSTRATIONS

CHILD'S TOMB

Reproduced by Gaignia-es. c£ Part I, Chap. II facing page 384

ANTOON ANSBLMB AND IUS FAMILY

Brussels. (photo Bulloz.) C£ Part I, Chap. I, and n. 5; Part III,

Chap. I

384

UTTLB GIRL AT THE WINE-MERCHANT'S

C£ Part m, Chap. I, and u. 34 385

INTRODUCTION

THIS periods', andchildren.

INTRODUCTION

T HIS book on the family under the ancien regime is not the work of a specialist in that period, but of a demographic historian who. struck by the original characteristics of the modern family, felt the need to go back into a more distant past to discover the limits of this originality. I must make it clear from the start that there is no question here of a gratuitous examination of society under the ancien regime. I have explained elsewhere! how difficult it was for me clearly to distinguish the characteristics of our living present, except by means of the differences which separate them from the related but never identical aspects of the past. Similarly I can tell the particular nature of a period in the past from the degree to which it fails to resemble our present. This dialectic of past. and present can be fairly safely neglected by historians of 'shortquotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

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