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M

Magazines, Maps in. See Journalistic Cartography

Mairs Geographischer Verlag (Germany). Kurt Mair

was an enthusiastic traveler and travel writer in the period between the two world wars, when he camped through- out Europe and Africa traveling by car and motor- cycle. He penned the frequently reprinted best seller Die

Hochstraßen der Alpen

(1st ed., 1930). Mair directed the Stuttgart of+ ce of the Swiss cartographic publishing house Hallwag until 1939 and produced the

Hallwag-

Autoführer von Deutschland

. After World War II, he founded his own cartographic publishing company, the Kartographisches Institut Kurt Mair, in Stuttgart in 1948 and began working with the Deutsche Shell AG, which had been reestablished in 1947. Thus began a success story of more than + fty years based on Germanys eco- nomic miracle,Ž when automobile ownership increased substantially across Europe and workers enjoyed longer paid vacations and increased leisure. The + rst Shell atlas appeared in 1950, becoming one of the most widely cir- culated publications in the world until it was discontin- ued by Shell in 2003. The + rst maps for the Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club (ADAC), the largest German auto association, also appeared in 1950. The ADAC At- las and the ADAC Alpenbuch were published as a joint venture from 1972 until 1998, when antitrust authori- ties forced the dissolution of Mairs and ADAC. In 1952 the Kartographisches Institut Kurt Mair was renamed Mairs Geographischer Verlag. The twenty-six-sheet

Deutsche Generalkarte

1:200,000 was produced be-

tween 1954 and 1957. Expressly not offered as a free road map at gas stations, it was Germanys most widely sold map. After Mairs sudden death in 1957, his son, Volk-

mar Mair, took over leadership of the + rm. The pub-lishing and printing house relocated to new production facilities in Kemnat, near Stuttgart, in 1972, where the + rm remained into the twenty-+ rst century. Grandson

Frank Mair was named director of cartography and

electronic media in 1999. Relationships between road and guidebook mapping + rms and agencies involved in travel more generally were customary in the industry, but Mairs achieved its superior position as a result of its excellent and constantly updated cartography. In ad- dition to Shell and ADAC, Mairs worked with the long- established battery manufacturer VARTA (Varta Führer or Varta Guides), Lufthansa, the tire manufacturer Con- tinental (Conti- Atlas), Allianz- Versicherungsgesellschaft, and the Deutsche Bundesbahn. Mairs successfully took over a number of reputable map and travel guide com- panies with established brand names and kept them in business. In 1951 it started a joint auto-guide venture with the Baedeker publishing house, which had moved from Leipzig to Freiburg. Following the death of the previous owner, Karl Friedrich Baedeker, Mairs even- tually took complete control of the Baedeker + rm and relocated it to Kemnat. Mairs enjoyed similar success in concentrating the mapmaking efforts of the Munich- based IRO-Verlag in 1992, Ferdinand Ranft/Marco

Polo in 1995, KOMPASS-Kartenverlag Fleischmann in

1997, and HB-Bildatlas-Verlag in 2000. The purchase

of the Falk- Verlagsgruppe from Bertelsmann in 1998 had a spectacular impact on the industry. Falk-Verlag had been founded in 1945 by Gerhard Falk and with its Falk maps had become the most well-known carto- graphic product in Germany and beyond. The heirs sold Falk to Bertelsmann in 1997, which merged its subsid- iary RV Reise- und Verkehrsverlag with Falk to form Falk- Verlag AG. Eventually this group also included the

Geodata Geographische Datenbanken, which had been

founded collaboratively by Bertelsmann and Falk. Falk became Mairs top map brand, which ultimately resulted in the withdrawal of Shell from Mairs. Mairs bought the Berlin-based map division of the StadtINFO-Verlag from Bertelsmann in 2001. In the same year, Mairs ac- quired the majority of shares of Hallwag Kartographie, after Hallwag AG had already merged with the bank- rupt Swiss publisher Kümmerly

Frey AG to form Hall-

798 Maling, D(erek) H(ylton)

wag Kümmerly

Frey AG. In 2005, after taking over the

Cologne company DuMont Reiseverlag, Mairs became

MairDumont.

Joachim Neumann

See also: Marketing of Maps, Mass; Topographic Mapping: Western

Europe

Bibliography:

Anonymous. 2001. "Neue Erfolgsstorys schreiben."

Buchreport.Ma-

gazin , March, 111. ---. 2004. "Scheidung nach der Goldhochzeit."

Buchreport.Ex-

press

27:18.

Ebert, Maria. 2001. "Autoatlanten navigieren weit billiger und besser."

Buchreport.Magazin

, March, 120-21.

Lehre, Ute. 1991. "Volkmar Mair 60 Jahre."

Kartographische Nach-

richten

41:154-55.

Maling, D(erek) H(ylton). Born in Corbridge, North- umberland, on 8 May 1923, Derek Maling began his education locally, but was called up for military service in World War II. Serving with distinction in the Royal Air Force as a navigator, he was shot down in occupied Yugoslavia but rescued by partisans. After the war he served in the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, where he mapped Signy Island from 1947 to 1950. Re- suming his studies, he took a BA in geography at King"s College, Newcastle, in 1951 and went on to a PhD in

1956 on local glacial geomorphology. Maling began

his academic career at University College Swansea. Af- ter retiring from a regular faculty position in the early

1980s, he remained with the University of Swansea (as it

was later renamed) as an honorary research fellow until

1997. He died on 22 September 1998.

It was as a pioneer in promoting graduate training for cartographers that he ? rst made his mark on the profes- sion. Charged with creating courses within a geography department that produced general science geographers as well as more specialized graduates, Maling devised training that was academic yet embraced both the the- ory and the practicalities of map production. Criticisms of this approach by W. D. C. Wiggins, deputy director of Overseas Surveys, and Maling"s rebuttals played out in the

Geographical Journal

from 1957 to 1959. Unde- terred, he added a postgraduate diploma course to the undergraduate specialization in cartography, which was one of the ? rst such courses in Britain. Individual stu- dents who embraced his courses and teaching enthused about his tutorial and pastoral skills. A founding member of the British Cartographic Soci- ety (BCS), he naturally shouldered the task of elaborating his view of cartography as a university discipline rather than a craft-based technology focused on government institutions and commercial publishers. He soon became involved as a member of BCS committees responsible

for the society"s lecture programs and annual symposia. He retired from Council in 1971, and was named the society"s third honorary fellow in 1981.

During these early days Maling found time to teach himself Russian in order to translate Soviet studies of map projections and to familiarize himself with the USSR"s approach to cartographic research and training. He was also consulted by the Royal Society"s working delegation to the International Cartographic Associa- tion"s (ICA) working party on technical terms in car- tography and prepared a study of terminology of map projections for the ICA"s

Multilingual Dictionary of

Technical Terms in Cartography

(1973). This effort bore further fruit in his book

Coordinate Systems and Map

Projections

, published in 1973 and revised in 1992.

Maling"s second book,

Measurements from Maps:

Principles and Methods of Cartometry

(1989), distilled many years of re? ection on the generalization and mea- surement of features on maps and provided a basis for later research on the application of automation and ar- ti? cial intelligence to map generalization and pattern recognition. His scienti? c approach to the inherently ar- tistic subject of map design, however idiosyncratic, was informed by a wide reading of work by scholars in Rus- sia, Germany, France, and North America. An early supporter of ICA endeavors, Maling rarely left his study in the forests of South Wales, where he honed his remarkable ideas. Although eagerly involved in establishing the BCS, he increasingly put his efforts into research papers, books, and teaching. Easily mistaken for an absentminded university educator, Maling was a signi? cant ? gure in the development of cartography as an academic discipline in the second half of the century.

Christopher Board

See also: Cartometry; Education and Cartography: Cartogratphic

Textbooks

Bibliography:

Coulson, Martin. 1998. "Obituary-Derek Hylton Maling, 8 May

1923-22 September 1998."

Maplines

4, no. 3:13-14.

Maling, D. H. 1968. "The Terminology of Map Projections."

Interna-

tional Yearbook of Cartography

8:11-65.

---. 1991. "The Origins of That De? nition." Cartographic Journal

28:221-23.

Map.

Definitions of Map

Map Typologies

Printed Map

Images as Maps

Map as Metaphor

Electronic Map

Sense of Place and the Map

De? nitions of Map. Geographical maps and mapping

(the activity of making maps) are situated at the heart of

Map 799

the traditional de? nition of the word map . Considered from that viewpoint, map-like graphic displays, such as gene maps, or mapping-like activities involving nonspa- tial content, such as mapping out a course of action, can be regarded as peripheral. Despite excluding nongeo- graphical uses of "map" and "mapping" in ? elds such as genetics, physiology, mathematics, linguistics, athletics, and dance, J. H. Andrews still found 320 de? nitions of means suf? ciently well to make ourselves understood" (1996, 7). Approaching the map as a lexicographer, not as a cartographer, he may have been right to argue that degrees of "mappiness" form a continuum, such as that between realism and abstraction. But in treating so many de? nitions as if they were equivalent and without examining connections, if any, between them, he could conclude only that they made "an interesting historical source" (1996, 7). Further conclusions could have been drawn, as the following selected and coordinated view of the evolution of de? nitions of map in the context of the history of cartography in the twentieth century shows. After reviewing changing de? nitions of map for the ? rst volume of The History of Cartography, J. B. Harley and David Woodward (1987, xvi) decided, for the pur-quotesdbs_dbs20.pdfusesText_26

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