[PDF] Conference Proceedings ACE-CROSH 2018 49th Annual

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8Modern'smart'watcheshavebeendrivenbyuserneeds(e.g.informationconnection),userdesires(e.g.fashionandself-identificationasa'smart'person),andnewpossibilities(e.g.battery,screen,electronics).However,likethe16thcenturypocketwatch,someelementsarenotparticularlyaccurate.Heartrateandenergyexpenditurefeaturesinparticularcanproveunreliable,particularlyforshorthigh-intensityboutsofexercise(5).Thereisanacceptancethatthefeatureisa'workinprogress'butisusefulnonetheless.Commonsystemscanallowuserstodevelopastereotypewhichcanoftenbeuseful.Forexample,modernacceptediconographyfordigitalsystemsrefertoextinctorrareobjectsrangingfromfoldersandfloppydiscs,throughtotelephonehandsetsorclipboards.However,theprocessesrepresentedarestillrelevantandtheiconstapintothecoreuserneedsanduserdesires,butexploitnewtechnologicalpossibilities.Industry4.0/Cyber-PhysicalSystemsThereisacurrentmovetowardsindustrialdigitization,wheredigitalsystemswillbecomeubiquitousacrossallindustrialapplications.Thishasbeenexpressedintermsofthe'4thIndustrialRevolution',orIndustry4.0.Industrialdevelopmenthasbeenclassifiedthus:• 1stIndustrialRevolutionMechanization,waterpower,steampower• 2ndIndustrialRevolutionMassproduction,assemblylines,electricity• 3rdIndustrialRevolutionComputercontrolandautomation• 4thIndustrialRevolutionCyber-physicalsystems,AI,InternetofIndustrialThingsThemovetowardscyber-physicalsystemsintheworkplacemeansthatrobotswillbecomemoreintelligentandpotentiallyadaptableusingAI/deeplearning.Theywillbemorecapableofcarryingoutmorecomplextasksforsmallervolumeprocessestherebyincreasingtheirversatility.Bybeingcloudnetworked,datastreamscanbeaccessedfromanywhereandproductioncontrolmanipulatedremotely.Maier(CEO,SiemensUK)stated:EmergingtechnologybreakthroughsinfieldssuchasAI,robotics,andtheInternetofThingsaresignificantintheirownright.However,itistheconvergenceoftheseIndustrialDigitalTechnologiesthatreallyturbo-chargestheirimpact(6).Hence,Industry4.0isabouttheintegrationofothertechnologiesincludingtheinternet,computing,robotics,bigdata,neuralnetworks,andergonomics/humanfactors.Thefearthatjobswillbe'takenaway'fromthefutureindustrialworkerisnaïve,althoughitistruethatsomeexistingmanualtaskswill,infuture,becompletedbymachinesandindividualcasesofhumanredundancywillinevitablyprovecontroversial.Futurejobswillcontinuetoevolve,astheyhavethroughoutthecenturies.Futureworkerswillbeemployedinanenvironmentwhereallbusinesseswillbecomeincreasinglydigitized.Coboticswillbecomethenormwherebyhumanswillworkalongsiderobots.Cobotshavealreadybeenintroducedinsomewarehousestoassistwithpickingandtransport(e.g.Nextclothing;Arlamilk)andthereisamovetowardsincludingrobotsinmanufacturing.ThispresentsachallengeofsituationawarenessbothforthehumanandfortheAIoftherobot.

10continuetohaverelevanceasjudgedbynumberofmembers.Prehistoricartdepictshumansstrivingformeaningandsurvival,andlivingincommunities.Theoldesttextsrefertofamilyandcommunitygroups.Today'ssocialnetworking,foundedonhumaninteraction,attractsasignificantminorityoftheworldpopulationwith2.2,1.5,and1.0billionmonthlyusersofFacebook,WhatsApp,andWeChatrespectively.Socialvalues,relationships,dealingwithbirthanddeath,andthedriveforknowledgeandnoveltyarethereforelikelytoremainapriorityforhumans.Humanphysiologywilladaptslowly,althoughdifferencesinnutritionandhealthcarecouldalterhowthatphysiologyismanifested.Waystocommunicate10,000yearsintothefuturehavebeenconsideredinthecontextofsignageforburiedhazardouswastethatcouldbeforgotten,lostandthenrediscoveredbyafuturesociety(11).Howcouldthisfutureculturebewarnedofhazards?Amongstsuggestionswerethecreationofamythorareligionthatcouldportraytheriskoverthegenerations,asthesecanhavemorelongevitythanculture,languageorpoliticalframeworks(12).Thehumanfactorsofsignageforworkersfromunknownculturesisafascinatingchallenge.ConclusionHumanfactorsexpertsandergonomistshavearesponsibilitytoconsiderthebreadthofpopulationforwhomtheydesign.Theyneedtoconsiderchangesintheworkplaceandtheworkingpopulationthatarepredictable;thereisadebatetobehadoverhowmanygenerationsintothefuturetheyshouldbedesigningfor.References1. https://ace-ergocanada.ca/about/about_ergonomics/ergonomics.html(accessed150718)2. Walker,G.,Cooper,M.,Thompson,P.andJenkins,D.,Practitionerversusanalystmethods:anucleardecommissioningcasestudy.AppliedErgonomics.2014;45:1622-1633.3. AbdoH,MangenaM,NeedhamG,HuntD.Provisionsforoilandgasdecommissioningcosts:compliancewithdisclosurerequirementsbyoilandgascompanieslistedintheUK.ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonAccountingStudies(ICAS)2017,Putrajaya,Malaysia,18-20September2017.ISBN97896709104824. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8313893.stm(accessed06/18)5. BunnJA,NavaltaJW,FountaineCJ,ReeceJD.CurrentStateofCommercialWearableTechnologyinPhysicalActivityMonitoring2015-2017.Int.JournalofExerciseScience.2018;11(7):503.6. MaierJ.MadeSmarterReview.2017.UKDeptforBusiness,Energy&IndustrialStrategy.7. KeyCE,MorrisAP,MansfieldNJ.Situationawareness:itsproficiencyamongstolderandyoungerdrivers,anditsusefulnessforperceivinghazards.TransportationResearchpartF:TrafficPsychologyandBehaviour.2016Jul1;40:156-68.8. RakicevicN,KormushevP.Efficientrobottasklearningandtransferviainformedsearchinmovementparameterspace.InNIPS2017WorkshoponActingandInteractingintheRealWorld:ChallengesinRobotLearning,31stConferenceonNeuralInformationProcessingSystems(NIPS),California,USA2017Dec.9. CaseK,HussainA,MarshallR,SummerskillS,GyiDE.Digitalhumanmodellingandtheageingworkforce.ProcediaManufacturing,3,pp.3694370110. WhysallZ,OwtramM,BrittainS.Transformingengineeringtalentpipelines.2017.KiddyandPartners.11. PosnerR.MitteilungenandieferneZukunft.Hintergrund,Anlaß,ProblemstellungundResultateeinerUmfrage.1984.ZeitschriftfürSemiotik.12. SebeokT.DieBüchsederPandoraundihreSicherung:EinRelaissysteminderObhuteinerAtompriesterschaft.1984.ZeitschriftfürSemiotik.

13avonsréalisédesanalysesdifférenciéesselonlegenreetmontrél'existencedecertainesexigencesetconditionsdetravailpropresauxfemmes.Cesanalysesontpermisdefaireévoluerlaperceptiondesrisquespourlesmétierschoisisparlesjeunesfemmesetd'offrirdesactivitésd'apprentissageetdepréventionéquitables.Différencierlesactivitésd'apprentissageselonlegenredesélèvesDesenjeuxdifférenciésd'expositionauxfacteursderisquedelésionseposententrelesmétierschoisisparleshommes(ex.accidentsliésàlamanipulationd'outilsetmachinerie)etlesmétierschoisisparlesfemmes(ex.troublesmusculosquelettiquesetrisquespsychosociauxassociésautravailstatiqueourépétitifettravailaveclaclientèle)(Labergeetal.,2012).Enmontrantquelesjeuneshommesétaientmajoritairementexposésàdesrisquesd'accidentàcourttermeetquelesjeunesfemmesétaientplutôtexposéesàdesrisquesdetroublesmusculosquelettiques(TMS)àpluslongterme,notreéquipederechercheaproposéunedémarchedepréventioncomprenantledéveloppementd'uneculturedurabledeprévention.Desidéesdesituationsd'apprentissageliésàdescatégoriesvariéesdemétieretdefacteursderisqueontétéintégréesàauxrecommandationsetoutilsdéveloppés.Tenircomptedesrôlesetrapportssociauxliésàlasupervisiondestage:Genrescroisésdesenseignant.essuperviseursdestageetdesinterlocuteur.tricesenmilieudestageDansuneétudeportantsurlapriseenchargedelaSSTparlesenseignantesetenseignantsduPFAE,ilaétémontréquelesrôlessociauxdegenresemanifestaientaussilorsdelarelationtriangulairedesupervisionauPFAE(élève,enseignant.e,superviseurenentreprise).Eneffet,lesdynamiquessocialesdesupervisionsontmoduléesparlefaitquelamajoritédesinterlocuteursenentrepriseestunhomme,alorsquelamajoritédupersonnelenseignantaffectéàlasupervisiondesstagesestunefemme.Enoutre,ledomainedelapréventionenSSTaététraditionnellementplussouventportépardeshommes.Parconséquent,ilestfréquentquelacrédibilitédesenseignantesàcesujetsoitremiseenquestionparlesentreprises(Labergeetal.,2017).Plusieursaspectsliésaugenreontpuêtredécritsdansladynamiquedesupervision,dontlefaitquelesfemmesenseignantesontsouventl'impressiond'êtreimposteurlorsqu'ellesabordentlesujetdelaSSTaveclessuperviseursmasculinsauxquelsellesseréfèrentenentreprise.Cesrésultatsontmenéàdesrecommandationspourfavoriserlepouvoird'agiretlesentimentdecompétencedesenseignantessuperviseurdestagelorsqu'ellessouhaitentétablirundialoguesurlaSSTaveclesentreprisesdestage.Enrésumé,laconférenceseral'occasiondediscuterdesapportsdel'ergonomieaudéveloppementd'environnementscapacitantspourfavoriserunemeilleureintégrationprofessionnelleensantédesjeunesfaiblementqualifiés,avecunsoucipourl'équitéentreleshommesetlesfemmes.Lesproblématiquesderechercheetlesrésultatsobtenuspourronttrouveréchodansd'autrestypesdesituationquiconcernentlapréventiondeslésionsprofessionnelleschezlesjeunes,lesrelationstriangulairesd'emploi(ex.agencesdeplacement),ledéveloppementdel'employabilitéauprèsdespersonnesprésentantdesincapacitésetmême,ledéveloppementvocationnellorsdesituationsderéadaptationprofessionnellecomplexeavecpertedeliend'emploi.Bibliographie1. Breslin,F.C.etPole,J.D.(2009)."Workinjuryriskamongyoungpeoplewithlearningdisabilitiesandattention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorderincanada».AmericanJournalofPublicHealth,99(8),p.1423-1430.

142. Breslin,F.C.,Lay,A.M.,Jetha,A.,Smith,P.(2017)."ExaminingoccupationalhealthandsafetyvulnerabilityamongCanadianworkerswithdisabilities."DisabilityandRehabilitation,onlinefirst.Doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1327985.3. Carcillo,S.,Huillery,E.,L'Horty,Y.(2017)."Prévenirlapauvretéparl'emploi,l'éducationetlamobilité».Notesduconseild'analyseéconomique2017/4(n°40),p.1-12.Doi:10.3917/ncae.040.00014. Enquêtesurlapopulationactive(EPA)(2015).StatistiqueCanada.Tableau282-0004-estimationsselonleniveaudescolaritéatteint,lesexeetlegrouped'âge,annuel,CANSIM(basededonnées).Rapportproduitle20juin2016.Miseàjourdel'indicateurle8janvier2016.5. Falzon,P.(2013).Ergonomieconstructive.Paris:PressesUniversitairesdeFrance.doi:10.3917/puf.falzo.2013.01.6. Laberge,M.,Vézina,N.,Calvet,B.etLedoux,E.(2010)."LePFAE.QuellessontlesimplicationspourlaSST?».Travailetsanté,26(2),p.S7-13.7. Laberge,M.,Vézina,N.,Saint-Charles,J.(2012)."Safeandhealthyintegrationintosemiskilledjobs:doesgendermatter?"Work41(Suppl.1),p.4642-4649.Doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-0102-46428. Laberge,M.,Tondoux,A.,CamiréTremblay,F.,MacEachen,E.(2017)."OccupationalHealthandSafetyinaVocationalTrainingProgram:HowGenderImpactsTeachers'StrategiesandPowerRelationships".NEWSOLUTIONS:AJournalofEnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthPolicy,27(3),pp.382-402.9. Lay,A.M.,Saunders,R.,Lifshen,M.,Breslin,F.C.,LaMontagne,A.D.,Tompa,E.,Smith,P.M.(2017).Therelationshipbetweenoccupationalhealthandsafetyvulnerabilityandworkplaceinjury.SafetyScience,94,p.85-93.10. Mlynaryk,C.,Laberge,M.,Martin,M.(2017)."School-to-worktransitionforyouthwithseverephysicaldisabilities:Stakeholderperspectives".Work58(4),p.427-438.Doi:10.3233/WOR-172645.11. Québec,ministèredel'Éducation,duLoisiretduSport.(1999).Uneécoleadaptéeàtoussesélèves.Politiquedel'adaptationscolaire.Québec:LespublicationsduQuébec,37p.12. Québec,ministèredel'Éducation,duLoisiretduSport.(2008).Programmedeformationdel'écolequébécoise.Enseignementsecondaire,deuxièmecycle.Formationpréparatoireautravailetformationmenantàl'exerciced'unmétiersemi-spécialisé.Québec:LespublicationsduQuébec,chap.1à5et10.13. Rousseau,N.,Bergeron,L.(2017)."Leparcoursdeformationaxéesurl'emploi:laparoleauxjeunes».McGillJournalofEducation,52(1),135-148.Doi:10.7202/1040808ar.14. Saunders,R.,Cardoso,S.,LePéousard,M.(2017)."AddressingessentialskillsgapsinanOHStrainingprogram:apilotstudy".OpenPlenary,InstituteforWork&Health,November,28th2017Sen,A.(2010).Theideaofjustice.London:Penguin.

b) a) c)

19Theresultisanonlinetoolthatestimatescost-benefitbasedonuserinputsregardingthemainconsiderationsforadoptinganewtool:equipmentpurchase,productivity,riskforinjury,maintenanceneeds,andlabourforceconsiderationsliketurnoverandtraining.OccupationalhealthandsafetyforindoormarijuanaproductionChangingregulatoryenvironmentmeansmarijuanaproductionwillmovefromanillegally-growncroptoapotentiallycommonindoorcrop.Becauseithashistoricallybeenillegal,thereisverylittleresearchontheoccupationalhazardsoreffectivepreventionstrategiesforthisindustry.Asaresult,occupationalhealthandsafetyprofessionalsareunlikelytobefamiliarwithindustryneeds.ThereisaneedtobetterunderstandtheOSHknowledgeofmarijuanaproductionworkersandtheirperceptionsofOSHregulations,OSHcontrols,andsourcesofOSHinformation.Thegoalsofthisstudyweretoconductinterviewsandfacilitytourswithmarijuanaproducersto1)describeproductiontasksandidentifypotentialhazardsrelatedtothesetasks;and2)determineproductionworkers'perceptionsof,andinformationsourcesfor,OSHhazardsandcontrolsintheirsector.Manyworkersinthissectorhavehistoricallybeensecretiveandreluctanttosharedetailsabouttheirworkandoccupationalhealthandsafetypractices.Therefore,buildingtrustingrelationshipswithstakeholderswasvitalandinthiscaseinvolvedcultivatingexistingcontactsintheindustry,workingwiththemonthestudyproposal,andenlistingthemtohelpwithadditionalrecruitment.Torecognizecontributionstothestudydesignandfindings,oneoftheseinitialcontactsandstudyparticipantsisalsoaco-authoronajournalmanuscript.RelevancetoPractitionersThispaperpositsthatergonomicsprojects(andalloccupationalhealthresearch)aremorerelevantandapplicablewhenrelatedstakeholdersareengagedthroughouttheprocess,andgivesseveralexamplesfromthechallengingcontextoftheagriculturalindustry.Hereisasummaryofconsiderationsforincorporatingthisstrategyinanergonomicsproject:1) Donotunder-estimatethetimeorbudgetrequiredtodothiswell.Stakeholderswilltaketimetogetuptospeed,andifthattakestimeawayfromtheirworkanhonorariummaybeappropriate.2) It'shelpfultocultivaterelationshipswithstakeholders,andnotjustwhenyouneedsomethingfromthem.Prioritizefrequentcommunicationtostakeholdersbyreportbackonfindings,providingupdatesonfundingapplicationsandprojectprogress,andcheck-injusttosayhiandtouchbaseonwhattheircurrentissuesare.3) Considerformalizingpartnershipsandinvolvementwithstakeholders.Thismayinvolveincludingstakeholdersasco-authorsorco-presenters,deliveringfindingsinformatstheyselectandthatservetheirconstituency.4) Gotothegroupyoutrustforideasanddirection;theywilltellyouwhatisimportanttothem,andwhentheprojectismeaningfultheywillwanttobeinvolvedinthework.

20References1. ILO ILO. The ILO Programme on Occupational Safety and Health in Agriculture 1999 [cited 2011 October 31]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/lang--en/WCMS_117367/index.htm. 2. StatisticsCanada. Census of Agriculture counts 44,329 farms in Saskatchewan 2007 [cited 2011 December 16]. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ca-ra2006/analysis-analyses/sask-eng.htm. 3. Osborne A, Blake C, Fullen BM, Meredith D, Phelan J, McNamara J, et al. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among farmers: A systematic review. Am J Ind Med. 2011. 4. Voaklander DC, Dosman JA, Hagel LM, Warsh J, Pickett W. Farm work exposure of older male farmers in Saskatchewan. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(7):706-15. 5. Rosecrance J, Rodgers G, Merlino L. Low back pain and musculoskeletal symptoms among Kansas farmers. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(7):547-56. 6. Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT. Musculoskeletal disorders in farmers and farm workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2002;52(8):441-50. 7. McMillan M, Trask C, Dosman J, Hagel L, Pickett W, Team SFICS. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Saskatchewan farmers. Journal of agromedicine. 2015;20(3):292-301. 8. Trask C. Preliminary ergonomic evaluation of barn tasks in intensive Swine production. J Agromedicine. 2013;18(4):368-78. 9. Hartman E, Oude Vrielink HH, Huirne RB, Metz JH. Risk factors for sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders among self-employed Dutch farmers: a case-control study. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(3):204-14. 10. Whelan S, Ruane DJ, McNamara J, Kinsella A, McNamara A. Disability on Irish farms--a real concern. J Agromedicine. 2009;14(2):157-63. 11. Weir P, Holmes A, Andrews D, Albert W, Azar N, Callaghan J. Determination of the just noticeable difference (JND) in trunk posture perception. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. 2007;8(3):185-99. 12. Trask C, Khan MI, Adebayo O, Boden C, Bath B. Equity in whom gets studied: A systematic review examining geographical region, gender, commodity, and employment context in research of low back disorders in farmers. Journal of agromedicine. 2015;20(3):273-81. 13. Kirkhorn SR, Earle-Richardson G, Banks RJ. Ergonomic risks and musculoskeletal disorders in production agriculture: recommendations for effective research to practice. J Agromedicine. 2010;15(3):281-99. 14. Davis KG, Kotowski SE. Understanding the ergonomic risk for musculoskeletal disorders in the United States agricultural sector. Am J Ind Med. 2007;50(7):501-11. 15. CAIR CAIR. Agriculture-related Fatalities in Canada. Edmonton, Alberta: 2016. 16. Elliot V, Cammer A, Pickett W, Marlenga B, Lawson J, Dosman J, et al. Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study. PloS one. 2018;13(6):e0198796. 17. CIHR CIfHR. Guide to Knowledge Translation Planning at CIHR: Integrated and End-of-Grant Approaches. Ottawa, Canada: 2012.

22HowtointegrateergonomicsintotheengineeringdesignprocessDr.JudyVillage1,Dr.PatrickNeumann21SchoolofPopulationandPublicHealthUBC,Vancouver,BC,Canada2DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,RyersonUniversity,Toronto,OntarioWorkshopOverviewInthisone-dayworkshop,participantswilllearnabouthowhumanfactors/ergonomicscanbeeffectivelyintegratedintotheengineeringdesignprocesstoimprovenotonlyworkerhealth,butbusinessperformance.ParticipantswilllearnaboutHFandtheindustrializationprocessandvariousproductiondesignissuesandstrategies.TheywillalsolearnhowtolinkHFtocorporatestrategiestogainsupportfromseniormanagementforHF.Ergonomistswillbechallengedtothinkaboutgapsintheirunderstandingofengineeringdesignlanguage,toolsandtechniquesandstrategizetofindwaystogainthisinformationinordertoworkmoreeffectivelyonateamwithengineers.Commonbusinessimprovementstrategiessuchas"Lean"and"SixSigma"willbediscussedhighlightingwaysthatHFcanenhancethesestrategies.SeveralengineeringdesigntoolsthathavebeenadaptedforHFwillbepresented(suchasthefailuremodeeffectsanalysis,anddesignforassembly).ParticipantswilllearnwaystoworkwithengineeringgroupstoadaptotherengineeringdesigntoolsandtechniquestoincludeHF.ObjectivesoftheWorkshop:Attheendofthisworkshop,participantswillbeableto:• Explainwhyergonomicsistypicallyleftoutoftheengineeringdesignprocess• Describetypicaldesignprocessesforhowworkisorganized• Describewaystointegrateergonomicsintotheengineeringdesignprocessbasedonthedesignforhumanfactors(HF)theory• ExplainkeyprinciplesofleanmanufacturingandhowHFcanbeintegratedintolean• Usetoolstonavigatethecorporatestrategy(cognitivemapping)andthedesignprocess(processmapping)• Showhowotherengineeringtoolscanbeadaptedtoincludeergonomics(suchasfailuremodeeffectsanalysis,anddesignforassembly)• ProvideergonomicdesignguidelinesandotherinformationtoengineersinaformatthatismosteffectivefortheiruseDurationoftheWorkshop:FullDayBriefBiographyoftheFacilitator:JudyVillageisanAdjunctProfessorintheSchoolofPopulationandPublicHealthattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaandaCertifiedProfessionalErgonomistinCanadaandtheUS.Shehasmorethan25yearsofexperienceconductingresearch,consultingandteachinginmusculoskeletalinjury

24ApplyingforCertificationwithCCCPEandMaintainingCertificationTanyaMorose,MSc,CCPE,CRSP1,21PublicServicesHealthandSafetyAssociation,Toronto,Ontario,Canada2CanadianCollegefortheCertificationofProfessionalErgonomists,Renfrew,Ontario,CanadaWorkshopOverviewInthisinteractiveworkshop,representativesoftheBoardoftheCanadianCollegefortheCertificationofProfessionalErgonomists(CCCPE)willprovideanoverviewoftheapplicationrequirementsandtheapplicationprocessforAssociateErgonomist(AE)andCanadianCertifiedProfessionalErgonomist(CCPE)designations.Tipstoimprovethechancesofasuccessfulapplicationwillbeprovided.OncetheCCPEdesignationisawardeditistheresponsibilityofthecertificanttoparticipateincontinuingeducationandmaintainanactiveprofessionalpracticeasanergonomistinordertomaintaintheircertification.TheContinuanceofCertificationrequirementsandprocesswillbereviewed.TipstomaximizeaccumulationofpointsduringtheCCPE's5yearCoCperiodandtrackprogressforsuccessfulCoCsubmissionswillbeproved.ParticipantsareencouragedtoreviewtheContinuanceofCertificationand/orCCCPEApplicationkitpriortoattendingthesessioninordertoengageinadiscussionandquestion/answerperiodwithboardmembers.ObjectivesoftheWorkshop:• ParticipantswillgainanunderstandingoftheapplicationrequirementsfortheAEandCCPEdesignations• Participantswillgainanunderstandingoftheapplicationprocess,importantdeadlinesandtimelinesfortheCCCPEBoard'sdecisionontheapplicationstatus.• ReceivetipsfromseasonedboardmemberstoincreasethechancesofasuccessfulAE,CCPEorCoCsubmissionDurationoftheWorkshop:90minutesBriefBiographyoftheFacilitator:TanyaisaCanadianCertifiedProfessionalErgonomist(CCPE)andCanadianRegisteredSafetyProfessional(CRSP).Shehasworkedinawiderangeofindustriesandbringsover18yearsofconsultingexperiencetoPSHSA.PriortojoiningPSHSA,Tanyawasinvolvedinclients'ergonomicsprogramsincludingreviewsofnewproductionlinesinthedesignphase,workstationassessments,andjobsuitabilityevaluationsforreturn-to-work.InhercurrentroleasthePoliceServicesSpecialistatPSHSA,Tanyaprovidessupporttopoliceservicesintheirinjuryandillnesspreventionefforts.TanyaearnedherMastersofScienceinKinesiologyfromtheUniversityofWaterlooandOccupationalHealthandSafetycertificatefromRyersonUniversity.SheisontheExecutiveoftheGoldenTriangleCanadianSocietyofSafetyEngineers(CSSE)chapterandisacurrentboardmemberandpastpresidentoftheCanadianCollegefortheCertificationofProfessionalErgonomists(CCCPE).

25ApplyingAdultlearningPrinciples:EnsuringsuccesstoyourH&SeducationandtrainingsessionsNatalieCarscadden,BSC,CCPE,CRSP1,VanceMcPherson,MEd11VanceMcPhersonMEd,HSN,SudburyOntarioCanada WorkshopOverviewWhatarethemosteffective,efficientwaystoteachhealthandsafetytopicstoadults?Howcantraininggobeyondknowledgetransferandhelpcreateacultureofsafety?Whattechniqueswillmoveyoupastcompliancetowardslastingchange?Thisworkshopwillprovideyouwithsomebasicprinciplesandtoolstofacilitatesuccessfultrainingsessionsforadultlearners.Participantswillwalkawayfromthishalf-dayworkshopwithavarietyofready-to-usetoolsandtemplates,anddesigndocumentsforatrainingprogramthattheycanimplementimmediately.ObjectivesoftheWorkshop:Bytheendofthisworkshop,participantswill:SectionFocusQuestion1) AssesstheneedforeffectivehealthandsafetytrainingDoyouwantcompliance,orculture?2) Distinguishoutcomes,objectives,andcompetenciesOutcomes/objectives...whocares?3) DevelopanoperationaldefinitionoflearningCanlearninglast?4) ReviewtechniquesthatpromotememoryretentioninadultsWhatcanbedonetopromotelearningandretention?5) Distinguishcognitive,affective,andpsychomotor(knowledge/attitude/skill)outcomesWhatabouthardskillsandsoftskills?6) Reviewpsychomotordomain(hands-on)techniquesWhatcanbedonetopromotespecificactions?7) RecognizeaffectivedomaintechniquesasthekeytoculturechangeHowcanyouingrainnewattitudes?8) AssesstheefficacyofonlinelearningforavarietyofworkplacetrainingscenariosWhatcan/shouldgoonline?9) PerformanoutcomeanalysisforatrainingproblemPuttingittogether:Establishinganeffectivetrainingplanin30minutes10) Designanauthenticevaluationforatrainingproblem11) BlueprintatrainingplanforatrainingproblemDurationoftheWorkshop:1hour45minutesBriefBiographyoftheFacilitators:NatalieCarscaddenistheManagerofOccupationalHealthandSafetyatHealthSciencesNorth.Shehasover25yearsofworkexperiencerelatedtohealthandsafetymanagement,ergonomicsandauditing.VanceMcPhersonisCoordinatorofLeadershipandLearningatHealthSciencesNorth.Hehasbeendesigningandcoordinatinglearningexperiencesforadultlearnersinavarietyofcontextsforeightyears.

28MovingfromLabtoIndustry:HowtomeasureforceandassessitforacceptabilityAllisonStephens,MSc,CCPE,CPE11FanshaweCollege,LondonOntario,CanadaLearningobjectivesinclude:— Criticalthinkingtodetermineapproachtoforcemeasurement— Measureforcestodemonstratepartvariation.— ReviewanddemonstrateexternalinfluencesonForcemeasurement— AnalysisofacceptabilityrelativetostrengthcapabilityTheworkshopwouldbeusingtheMark10forcegauge.Workshopwillincludemanyhandsonmeasurements,oflego,jars,clips,andtriggers.Topicsofdiscussionwouldincludeabriefreviewofforcegauges,tipsandtrick,variabilityofpartsandhowtodealwiththisstatistically.Fromthemeasurementstaken,participantswillevaluatetheacceptabilityoftheeffortusingtheHandpaksoftware,DreyfusandPeebles&Norrisreferences.Toconcludetheworkshoptherewillbeademonstrationofanewtechnology,theForcePuck.Anintroductiontowhyitwasdeveloped,it'sreliabilityandrepeatabilitywillbediscussed.ParticipantscanperformhandsonmeasurementwiththeForcePuck,andreviewtheforceprofiles.Thiswillbeahands-onworkshopforbothbeginnersandpractitionerstoreview,discussanddemonstrateforcemeasurementinthefieldofergonomics.Durationofworkshop:90minutes

29Canergonomistsdomoreharmthangood?-HowtoavoidcostlymistakesforyourclientsTrevorSchellBSc.MSc,CCPE11OccupationalHealthClinicsforOntarioWorkers(OHCOW),Sudbury,ON,CanadaWorkshopOverviewWhileofficeergonomicscanbethemostcommonareaofinvestigationforanErgonomist,theprocessofevaluationandstructuringofrecommendationscanoftenbecomeveryconfusingandcostlyforworkplaceswithoutsufficientknowledge.Nothingcanbemorefrustratingforacompanythanpurchasingnewequipmentonlytofindoutitisnotcompatiblewiththeworkers.Thisinturn,canhavemanyworkplacesrejectthenotionofergonomicsasabenefittothem.Ergonomistsneedtobeconsciousofequipmenttheyarerecommendingtotheirclientstoensuretheproducttheyaresuggestingwillperformaspromisedandnotplacetheworkeratanincreasedriskofinjury.Howrecommendationsarepresentedisimportanttoworkplacepartiestoensuretheyarepurchasingthecorrectequipment.Forexample,issaying"purchaseaheightadjustablekeyboardtray"thecorrectapproach?Byutilizingcasestudiesandtoolslearnhowtoavoidcostlymistakesandimproveemployeewell-being.ObjectivesoftheWorkshop:• Toincreaseawarenessoftheimportanceofknowingtheproductyouarerecommending• Implicationsofrecommendingequipmentwithlittletonoresearchbehindit• Thecoststoworkplacesbasedonunsoundrecommendations• Recognitionoftheimportanceofknowingtheproductbeingsuggested• IsaproducttrulyergonomicorbeneficialtotheworkerDurationoftheWorkshop:90minutesBriefBiographyoftheFacilitator:TrevorSchellgraduatedfromtheUniversityofGuelphin1994withanHonorsBachelorofSciencedegreeinHumanKineticswithspecializationinthefieldofBiomechanicsandErgonomics.In1997,TrevorgraduatedfromtheUniversityofMassachusetts-LowellwithaMaster'sdegreeinthefieldofErgonomicsandaminorinEpidemiology.TrevorisalsorecognizedasaCanadianCertifiedProfessionalErgonomist(CCPE)andafullmemberoftheAssociationofCanadianErgonomists(ACE).TrevorhasbeenanErgonomistwiththeOccupationalHealthClinicsforOntarioWorkersfor20yearsworkingwithjointhealthandsafetycommitteesonavarietyofergonomicissuesoverawiderangeofindustries.HeisalsothecoordinatoroftheannualInternationalRSIDaywebinarseries.Trevorhasalsopresentedatconferences,testifiedbeforeaUSSenateCommissionontheneedforergonomicregulationsandhasbeenfeaturedininterviewswithCNN,AssociatedPress,CTVandCBCRadio.

32RelevancetoPractitionersLesrésultatsdeceprojetdevraientpermettred'émettredenouvellesrecommandationspourlimiterlespériodesdetravailtroplongueschezlestravailleursportantunAPRdanscertainesconditionsenvironnementales.References1. RamirezJA.EvaluationofparticlepenetrationandbreathingresistanceofN95filteringface---piecerespiratorsanduncertifieddustmasks.2015.2. BeaudryC,DionC,GérinM,PerraultG,BéginD,LavouéJ.Expositiondestravailleursdelaconstructionàlasilicecristalline.Bilanetanalysedelalittérature(versioncorrigée)Montréal:InstitutderechercheRobert---Sauvéensantéetensécuritédutravail(IRSST).2011.3. CheMuhamedAM,AtkinsK,StannardSR,MundelT,ThompsonMW.Theeffectsofasystematicincreaseinrelativehumidityonthermoregulatoryandcirculatoryresponsesduringprolongedrunningexerciseintheheat.Temperature(Austin,Tex).2016;3(3):455---64.4. MoyenNE,EllisCL,CicconeAB,ThurstonTS,CochraneKC,BrownLE,etal.Increasingrelativehumidityimpactslow---intensityexerciseintheheat.Aviation,space,andenvironmentalmedicine.2014;85(2):112---9.5. RobergeRJ,KimJ---H,CocaA.Protectivefacemaskimpactonhumanthermoregulation:anoverview.Annalsofoccupationalhygiene.2011:mer069.

33Contraintesphysiologiquesetphysiquesassociéesauportd'unappareildeprotectionrespiratoiredetypeP100selonl'intensitéphysiqueetlatempératureambianteDenisMarchand1*,ChantalGauvin2,LudovicTuduri2,SamuelCharbonneau1,IgorZovilé11UQAM,Montréal,Québec,Canada2IRSST,Montréal,Québec,CanadaIntroductionDans le secteur de laconstruction, l'exposition professionnelle à divers contaminants tels quel'amiante,lasilicecristallineetlesmoisissures,estfréquentedansplusieursmétiers.Leportd'unappareildeprotectionrespiratoire(APR)estreconnucommeunoutilessentielpourréduirelesrisques d'exposition par voie respiratoire dans les milieux où le contrôle à la source s'avèreinsuffisant.Unedesraisonslesplusfréquemmentcitéespourl'intoléranceetl'inutilisationdesAPRdetypefiltrantseraitl'inconfortliéàl'accumulationdechaleurauniveauduvisage(Radonovichetcoll., 2009; Baig et coll., 2010). Selon Roberge et coll. (2010), d'autres facteurs tels quel'augmentationdelatempératuredel'airrespirableetdelaconcentrationdedioxydedecarbone(CO2)àl'intérieurdel'APR,oudescontraintesphysiologiquestelsquelafréquencecardiaqueetlasaturation en oxygène peuvent aussi expliquer le manque de motivation à porter ce type deprotectionrespiratoire.L'objectifdeceprojetderechercheconsisteàmesurerl'impactduportd'unAPRàépurationd'airsurdifférentesvariablesphysiologiquesselonl'importancedel'effortphysiqueetdelatempératureambiante.Letyped'APRsélectionnépourl'étudeestceluileplusfréquemment utilisé par lestravailleurs du milieu de la construction et suggéré par l'ASPconstruction,soitundemi-masqueàfiltreP100réutilisable(3Msérie6000avecfiltreparticules2091).MéthodologieDesconditionsavecetsansAPRontétéévaluéeslorsd'untestd'effortprogressif(30%à80%ducoût cardiaque relatif) sur un tapis roulant dans une chambre à environnement contrôlé.Différentes conditions de température ambiante(23°, 29° et 35°Cdans un environnement oùl'HumiditérelativeHRestconstanteà50%)ontétéévaluéesafindemesurerl'importancedescontraintesphysiologiquesassociéesauportdel'APRselonl'effortdemandéetlatempératureambiante.Lorsdesévaluations,destâchesperceptivo-motricesontétéréaliséesavant,pendantetaprèslestestssurletapisroulant.Plusieursvariablesphysiologiquesontétémesurées:lacapacitécardio-respiratoiremaximale(VO2max),laconcentrationdeCO2àl'intérieurdel'APR,lasaturationenoxygènecérébrale,ainsiquelafréquencecardiaqueetrespiratoire.Deséchellesdeperceptionpsychophysique(Borg)ontétéutiliséespourévaluerlaperceptiondel'effort.RésultatsLafigure1présentelafréquencerespiratoiredessujetsselonlesdifférentesconditionsévaluéesetl'intensitédel'effort.L'analysestatistiqueAnovaàdeuxfacteursàmesuresrépétéesapermisdedécelerunedifférencesignificativeseulementpourlefacteurAPR(p=0,0028)etuneinteractionentrelesfacteursAPR*intensité(p=0,0003).L'analyseparcomparaisonmultiplepourlefacteurAPRsembleindiquerquelaconditionavecAPRengendreunefréquencerespiratoiresupérieureparrapportàlaconditionsansAPRpourlesintensitésde70et80%ducoûtcardiaquerelatif.Lafigure2présentelaperceptiondel'effortdessujetsselonlesdifférentesconditionsévaluéesetl'intensitédel'effort.L'analyseAnovaàdeuxfacteursàmesuresrépétéesapermisdedécelerunedifférencesignificativepourlesfacteursAPR(p=0,0001),intensité(p<0,0001)etuneinteractionentrelesfacteursAPR*intensité(p=0,0054).L'analyseparcomparaisonmultiplepourlefacteur

34APRsembleindiquerquelaconditionavecAPRengendreuneperceptiondel'effortsupérieureparrapportàlaconditionsansAPRpourlesintensitésde70et80%ducoûtcardiaquerelatif.Leportd'unAPRaégalementeudeseffetssignificatifssurlesconcentrationsenO2etenCO2respirées(p<0,0001).LesconcentrationsenO2àl'intérieurdel'APRetdansl'airambiantétaientrespectivementde17,51et20,52%,alorsquelesconcentrationsenCO2étaientde2,82et0,11%.DiscussionLa variable physiologique la plus affectée par le port d'un APR semble être la fréquencerespiratoire.CommelesconcentrationsenO2etenCO2àl'intérieurdel'APRsontrespectivementinférieures et supérieures aux concentrations que l'on retrouve dans l'air ambiant, uneaugmentationdelafréquencerespiratoirepermetd'augmenterlaventilationafinderenouvelerl'airàl'intérieurdel'APR.Nosrésultatssontenaccordavecl'étudedeLouhevaaraetcoll.(1984)qui avait également observé une augmentation de la fréquence respiratoire avec le port d'unmasquedeprotectionàl'effort.Lesrecommandationsdel'OSHA(OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration)enverslesconcentrationsenO2dansl'airambiantsontfixéesà19,5%etplus.PourlesconcentrationsenCO2,onrecommandedesvaleurs<0,5%pourunquartdetravailde8h,alorsquedesconcentrations>3%sontassociéesàdesmauxdetête,del'anxiétéetdelaconfusion.Lesrésultatsobtenuslorsdecetteétudenerespectentpascesrecommandations.L'augmentationdelafréquencerespiratoiresembleégalementexpliquerl'augmentationdelaperceptiondel'effortlorsdel'utilisationd'unAPR.PertinencedelarecherchepourlespraticiensLesrésultatsobtenuspermettrontd'émettredesrecommandationslorsquelesAPRdetypeP100sontutilisésdansdesconditionsambiantescontraignantesetlorsd'effortsphysiquesimportant.Desrecommandationsserontproposéespouridentifierledébutdessituationsàrisquepourlasantédesutilisateursd'APR.Références1. Radonovich,L.,Cheng,J.,Hodgson,M.,Shenal,B.,Bender,B.(2009).RespiratorToleranceinHealthcareWorkersandImplicationsforPandemicInfluenza.JAMA.January(301).2. Baig,A.S,Knapp,C.,Eagan,A.E.(2010).Healthcareworkers'viewsaboutrespiratoruseandfeaturesthatshouldbeincludedinthenextgenerationofrespirators.AmJInfectControl,38:18-25.3. Louhevaara,V.,etal.(1984)."Cardiorespiratoryeffectsofrespiratoryprotectivedevicesduringexerciseinwell-trainedmen."EuropeanJournalofAppliedPhysiologyandOccupationalPhysiology52(3):340-345.4. Roberge, R.J., Coca, A., Williams, W.J., Powell, J.B. et Palmiero, A.J. (2010b). PhysiologicalimpactoftheN95filteringfacepiecerespiratoronhealthcareworkers.Respir.CareMay,55(5):569-577.

35TheRelationshipBetweenthePhysicalWorkingEnvironmentandSelf-ReportsofSleepQualityandQuantityintheMiningIndustry AlexieDennie1,3*,CélineLarivière1,3,,ZsuzsannaKerekes2,3,TammyEger1,3,MonikaTiszberger2,CarolineDignard3,4,BehdinNowrouzi-Kia3,AlyssaSmith3,LisaSchutt3,4,CourtneyLessel3,MichelLarivière1,31SchoolofHumanKinetics,LaurentianUniversity,Sudbury,Ontario,Canada2UniversityofPécs,Hungary,Europe3CentreforResearchinOccupationalSafetyandHealthatLaurentianUniversity,Sudbury,Ontario,Canada4SchoolofRuralandNorthernHealth,LaurentianUniversity,Sudbury,Ontario,CanadaIntroductionPoorsleepqualitycanalteraworker'sattention,vigilanceandalertness1.Thesecanbefurtherimpactedinoccupationscharacterizedbychallengingworkingenvironmentstherebyincreasingaworker'svulnerabilitytoanoccupationalinjury2.Workintheminingindustrycanbeaphysicallydemandingoccupationconductedinsuboptimalworkingenvironments.Althoughevolutionsintechnology,includingequipmentmodernization,haveimprovedworkingconditions,theminingindustryremainsanoccupationcharacterizedbyextremesoftemperaturesandhumidity,suboptimallighting,poorairquality,elevatednoiseandphysicallydemandingwork,allofwhichcanimpactaworker'swellbeing.Inthecurrentstudy,thelinkbetweenthephysicalworkingenvironment,theworkingconditionsandsleepqualityintheminingindustrywereinvestigatedastheirassociationsarenotfullyunderstood.MethodsDatawerecollectedfrom2,224workersfromaCanadianminingcompanyusingacomprehensivequestionnairethatincludedvariousvalidatedquestionnaires.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,amodifiedversionofthePittsburghSleepQualityIndex(PSQI)wasusedtocollectinformationonself-reportsofoverallsleepqualityoverthepastmonth.ThePSQIgeneratesanoverallGlobalComponentScorethatrangesfrom0to18.Scoresbetween0and4aredeemedasgoodsleepquality,andindividualsscoringbetween>4areclassifiedashavingpoorsleepquality.Furthermore,datawerecollectedfromtheNationalInstituteofOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH)GenericJobStressQuestionnaire.Usinganindependentsamplet-test,themeansoftheGlobalPSQIScoresfromtheparticipantsthatcompletedtheNIOSHGenericJobsStressQuestionnaire,morespecificallythephysicalenvironmentcomponent(i.e.noise,lighting,temperature,humidityaircirculation,airquality,dangeroussubstances,andoverallphysicalenvironment,)werecompared.FindingsTheaverageGlobalPSQIScoreforindividualsthatareclassifiedashavinggoodsleepquality(N=345,16%ofsample)was2.34(±0.79).AsfortheindividualsthathadaGlobalPSQIscoreabove4(N=1781,84%ofsample),theaveragescorewas7.22(±2.69).TheoverallaverageoftheGlobalPSQIScorefortheentiresamplewas6.43(±3.07),whichqualifiesaspoorsleepquality.ThePSQIscoresforeachofthephysicalenvironmentsubcomponentsoftheNIOSHGenericJobStressQuestionnairearedisplayedinTable1.DiscussionWhilepoorsleepqualityisknowntoimpactworkersonthejob,lessisknownabouthowtheworkingenvironmentintheminingsectorcancontributetosleepquality3.Resultsfromthecurrentstudysuggestthatover80%oftheworkersself-reportedpoorsleepqualitydefinedasscoresgreaterthan4onthePQSI.Thet-testsrevealedsignificantdifferencesbetweenthemeansoftheGlobalPSQIScoresaccordingtothesubcomponentsofthephysicalenvironment.Inparticular,sleepqualitywasworstforindividualsthatreportedworkinginnoisyconditions,poorlylitareas,

41of80and150degreeswereobservedtohavethegreatestproportionofthepopulationabletoreproducetheposture(Figure5.).ConclusionOptimalliftingposturesareoftenthoughtofasasquatliftsimilartothe30degreekneeangleposturesmodelledwhilespineisthemainfocusoftraining.However,thisanalysispresentsfindingsthatshowsomepopulationsmaynothavethestrengthcapabletoproducethesepostures,andhavehighertotaljointmomentswhentheloadisliftedsymmetricallyinfrontofthebody.Basedontheposturesmodelled,150degreekneeangleareoptimalforthistaskwhenthefeetareparallelandkeptsymmetricalclosetooneanother.Thisissupportedbylowertotaljointmomentscomparedtoallotherposturesandthegreaterproportionofthepopulationscapableofproducingit.References1. Abdoli-EramakiM,AgababovaM,JanabiJ,PaskoE,DamecourC.EvaluationandComparisonofLiftingTechniquesAmongIndividualswithDifferentLevelsofLiftingTraining.Toronto,Canada;RyersonUniversity;20172. BudnickP.AretheRevisedNIOSHLiftingEquationand3DSSPPModelsValidRiskPredictorsforWork-RelatedLowBackPain?[Internet].;[citedMay29th,2018].Availablefrom:https://ergoweb.com/are-the-revised-niosh-lifting-equation-and-3dsspp-models-valid-risk-predictors-for-work-related-low-back-pain-2/

43task(p<0.05).Shoulderandlowbackjointforceswereinfluencedbybothtaskandladder(p<0.05).Inthedominantshoulderandthelowback,jointforceswerelowestwhentaskswereperformedwiththe3-piecewoodladder.Acrossthetasks,dominantshoulderandthelowbackjointforcesweregreatestduringthecarrytask.Jointmomentsinthedominantandnon-dominantshoulderandtrunkwereinfluencebyladderusedandtask(p<0.05).Whencomparedtoestimatesofpopulationjointstrengthsfor50thpercentilemales,resultantdominantshoulderjointmomentswere27-81%ofstrength(Figure1)andresultanttrunkmomentswere61-123%ofstrength.Inthesurvey,52%ofrespondentsindicatedapreferenceforthe2-piecefiberglassladder,comparedto24%forboththe2-pieceand3-piecewoodladders.DominantShoulderMoments160140120100806040200LadderandTaskFigure1:Resultantshouldermoments(Nm)forthe5tasksand3laddersplottedinbars.Resultantpopulationstrengthvalues,fora50thpercentilemale,calculatedwith3DSSPP(v6.0.1)areplottedwithredlinesforeachtask.DiscussionTherewasnopreciseladderchoicethatuniversallymitigatedthephysicaldemandswhilealsoloweringperceptualdifficulty.However,trendsemergedthatfavoredthe3-piecewoodladderforminimizingthebiomechanicalvariables.The3-piecewoodenladderwasassociatedwiththelowestjointloadsatboththeshouldersandlowback,whilethesurveysuggeststhatthe2-piecefiberglassladdergenerallyledtopreferredbodyposture.Severaltaskandladdercombinationsrequiredclosetoorevengreaterresultanttrunkmomentsthanthestrengthestimates.Inalargestudyofoccupationallowbackpaindevelopment,lowbackpaincaseswereexposedtogreaterpeaktrunkmomentsandhandforces3,suggestingthatcautionshouldbetakenwhenperformingthesetasks.RelevancetoPractitionersAlthoughthisinvestigationwasspecificallyfocusedanddesignedfortheevaluationofladderhandlingtasksperformedbytelecommunicationpoleworkers,thesetasksandsimilaronesarecommonacrossmanyindustries.Spaceconstraintsmakelaboratorybasedevaluationsofladderhandlingtaskschallenging.Thefindingsfromthisinvestigationshowtheimportanceofequipmentevaluationandselectionandcanbeappliedacrossindustriesthatuseladders.References1. http://www.wsibstatistics.ca/2. McDonaldAC,KeirPJ.TheResponseoftheShoulderComplextoRepetitiveWork:ImplicationsforWorkplaceDesign.CritRevBiomedEng.201543(1):21-32.3. NormanR,WellsR,NeumannPetal.Acomparisonofpeakvscumulativephysicalworkexposureriskfactorsforthereportingoflowbackpainintheautomotiveindustry.ClinicalBiomechanics.199813:561-573.

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48ChallengesencounteredThenaturalisticstudysettingcreatedchallengesrelatedtothetableanditsinstallation,studydesignandparticipantavailability.Dynamictable:Addingcasterstotablesfacilitatedtheirmovement,butincreasedtheminimumtablesurfaceheighttofrom0.62mto0.68m.Whilelowerthanstandardofficedeskheight,thiswassometimeshigherthanseatedelbowheightwiththeusers'properlyadjustedofficechair.Thenseatheightmustbeincreasedandafootrestaddedtorespectergonomicsguidelines.Installation:Eachphysicalofficeenvironmentdiffered.Installationmustallowvideotrackingwithoutencumberingwork.Officeswithbuilt-indesksurfaces,attachedtodividerswereparticularlychallenging.Inonecase,theworksurfacewasdetachedfromthedividersforthedurationofthestudyandreplacedbythetable.Inanother,participationwasimpossiblebecauseexistingworksurfaceswerenotremovable,andweresmallerthanthesuppliedtable.Studydesign:Researcherstriedtominimiseparticipantandworkdisruption,howeverequipmentinstallationtook30minutesforeachcontinuousrecordingsession.CalibrationofEMGusingmaximumvoluntarycontractionswerelongerandlessrelevant;task-relevantmaximawerequicker.Earlyparticipantsfrequentlyforgottofillindailyquestionnaires;dailyelectronicremindersandimmediatequestionnairesubmissionimprovedresponserates.Participants:Todate,fourteenparticipantsstartedtheprotocol,fourcompleteditandsixareinprogress.Ofthefourthatdroppedout,twowereduetovacationandtimecommitments,andoneeachdueemploymentchangeandhealth.Delaysinequipmentavailabilityexacerbatedconstraints.ConclusionsanddiscussionWhilestudyingrealworkactivitiesintheirnaturalenvironmentbetterreflectstrueMSDrisks,implementingusualandnecessaryscientificcontrolswasparticularlychallenging.Researchersandpractitionersmustbecreativetoovercomespatialconstraintsandminimiseinconveniencetoparticipants.Sharingthisstudy'schallengescanhelpotherstudiesinnaturalworkenvironmentsanticipatelikelyproblems.Participantsusingthedynamictablewiththisprotocolappreciatedimposedpositionvariationsandthechancetosit-standchangesduringtheirwork,buttheexperimentalcontrolsimplementedinthisstudylimitedparticipation.AcknowledgementOfficeErgonomicsResearchCommittee(OERC),theNaturalSciencesandEngineeringResearchCouncil(NSERC)ofCanadaDDG2017-00014andUniversitédeMonctonprovidedfunding.References1. Owen,N.,Healy,G.N.,Matthews,C.E.,Dunstan,D.W.Toomuchsitting:Thepopulationhealthscienceofsedentarybehavior.ExercSportSciRev.2010;38(3):105-113.2. Davis,K.G.Kotowski,S.E.StandUpandMove:YourMusculoskeletalHealthDependsonIt.ErgonDes.2015;23(3):9-13.3. EbaraT,KuboT,InoueT,MurasakiGI,TakeyamaH,SatoT,SuzumuraH,NiwaS,TakanishiT,TachiN,ItaniT.Effectsofadjustablesit-standVDTworkstationsonworkers'musculoskeletaldiscomfort,alertnessandperformance.IndHealth.2008;46(5):497-505.4. Karakolis,T.&Callaghan,J.P.Theimpactofsit-standofficeworkstationsonworkerdiscomfortandproductivity:Areview.AppErgon.2014;45(3):799-806.5.McLeanL,TingleyM,ScottRN,RickardsJ.Computerterminalworkandthebenefitofmicrobreaks.ApplErgon.2001;32(3):225-237.

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56DoIneedaDigitalHumanModel(DHM)todoErgonomics?AllisonStephens,MSc,CCPE,CPE1*,ChristinaCort,MHK,CPE,2,1FanshaweCollege,LondonOntario,Canada2Siemens,AnnArbor,Mi,USABackgroundDigitalHumanModels(DHM)aredisruptivetechnologyforthefieldofErgonomics.Priortotheiradoption,ergonomicanalysisinavirtualenvironmentwaslimited.ThekeyaspectofthetaskanalysisistheHuman.InordertoassesstheriskfactorsofaworkspaceinaproactivedesignaDigitalHumanModelsuchastheSiemensJackandJillrepresentthehuman.ThedatareceivedfromtheDHMisbiomechanicalinnature.JointTorquesandspinalcompression.Visualandanalyticalanthropometricscanalsobeassessed.ThroughouttheyearsofusingDHM,ergonomicanalysistoolshavebeenaddedmakingtheiruseforbothproactiveandreactivesomethingtoconsider.Objectives1. WhatisaDHMandit'sunderlyingassumptions2. ReviewoftheadvancedergonomictoolsandresearchimplementationintoDHM's3. Reviewofergonomictoolsandmeasurementsthatdriveergonomicdecisions4. UnderstandwhenaDHMisagoodinvestmentandergonomicanalysistoolTheuseofDigitalHumanModelsforergonomicshasbeenusedinindustrieslikeautomotivemanufacturing,buthaslimiteduseinotherindustriesandinreactiveergonomics.ThispaperwillreviewtheergonomictoolswithinDHM'sandapplications.ItwillalsoexploretheDHMasaplatformforfutureErgonomicresearch.ThisreviewisbasedonexperienceoftheuseofDigitalhumanModelswithinAutomotivemanufacturing.TheobjectiveofthereviewisallowthoseunfamiliarwithDigitalHumanmodelsknowledgeofDHMcapabilitiesinthefieldofergonomics.ContextTraditionalErgonomicAnalysisrequireobservationofexistingjobs,withoverviewtoolssuchasRULA,SueRodgersandPDA's(1-2).Inthedesignphaseofsettinguptheworkplacetheobservationoftheworkerisnotavailable.DigitalHumanmodelsallowstaticanddynamiccreationoffutureworkplacesforanalysis.ManycommontaskanalysistoolscanbeusedwithDigitalHumanModels.OtherneworcomplexergonomictoolscanbeaccessedwithDigitalHumanModels.Spinalcompressionisanacceptedanalysisparametertoassessliftingandbackloading.ManybiomechanicalmodelslikeUofM3D(3)staticstrengthandWatbak(4)havebeenutilizedinergonomicassessments.TheDHM(SiemensJackandJill,includespinalcompressionbutalsocalculateajointtorqueforallinterestedpostures.Toassessbiomechanicalstrainonthehuman,ajointtorqueassessmentcanbeemployed.Acceptedpracticeistocomparethejointtorquerequirementsofatasktothoseofa25thpercentilefemalestrength.(5)Overtheyearsdigitalhumanmodelshaveincorporatedotherergonomicassessmentssuchasfrequencymodifiers,cumulativeloading,forceacceptabilityandpostureprediction(6).Thesetoolsandotherfutureadditionswillbeexplored.IstheDigitalHumanmodelthefutureplatformofallergonomictoolsforreactiveandproactiveanalysis?ActionsInaproactiveErgonomicapplication,theDHMhasbeenusedforhandclearance,reachassessment

57andstrengthcapability.Theacceptabilitydecisionreliesontheanthropometry,workstationparametersandtheworkingposture.Overtheyear'sresearchhasallowedtheseparameterstobebetterdefined.Globalpopulationswithimprovedanthropometricsallowsdecisionstomadeforglobalpopulations(7).Theabilitytopredicttheworkingpostureshavebeenenhancedbymotioncaptureandposturepredictionalgorithms(8)Repetitionshasposedchallengesforbiomechanicalmodels.Theintegrationoffrequencymodifiershasallowedmorerealisticjobevaluations.Fullsimulationshaveallowedcumulativeanalysissuchascumulativebackcompressionandmetabolicanalysis.OutcomesThecontinuedimprovementoftheDHMtointegratenewergonomicresearchasitbecomesavailable,makestheDHMnotjustabiomechanicalanalysistoolbutinsteadaplatformforacomprehensiveergonomicanalysis.(9)Fullsimulationcapabilitiesallowscumulativetoolsamechanismtowork,thatinthepastrequiredsignificantcomputingpowerandtime.ResearchsuchastheArmForcefieldrecentlyintegratedintoprocesssimulateallowaccesstothelatestresearchinarmstrength.ResearchintheareaofperceivedexertionbeingconductedbyDrJonesattheUniversityofMichiganandFordistargetedforimplementationintoadigitalhumanmodel.DiscussionThecostandexpertisetousedigitalhumanmodelshasbeenabarriertoit'sadoption.WiththeDHMbeingapromisingplatformtoconductallergonomicassessmentsisthereacaseforErgonomic,SafetyandengineeringprofessionalstoadopttheDHMasatoolofthetradeinthefuture?TheUSCARErgonomicstaskforcehasviewedtheDHMasaconduitforimplementingresearch.Thismodelwillbedemonstratedandinvokediscussiononit'sroleinthefutureuseofDHMforbothproactiveandreactiveergonomics.RelevancetoPractitionersTheuseofdigitalhumanmodelswithinergonomicsislimitedtolargercompaniesandproactivedesignanalysis(10)It'suseasacommonergonomicanalysisforbothreactiveandproactiveergonomicsisbecomingmoreofareality.Theadvancedanalysiscapabilitiesandpathforresearchimplementationmakesitatoolthatallpractitionersshouldlookat.References1.LynnMcAtamney,E.NigelCorlett(1993).RULA:asurveymethodfortheinvestigationofwork-relatedupperlimbdisorders,AppliedErgonomics,Volume24,Issue2,Pages91-992.SuzanneH.Rodgers,Afunctionaljobevaluationtechnique,inErgonomics,editedbyJ.S.MooreandA.Garg,OccupationalMedicine:StateoftheArtReviews.7(4):679-711,1992.3.LynnMcAtamney,E.NigelCorlett(1993).RULA:asurveymethodfortheinvestigationofwork-relatedupperlimbdisorders,AppliedErgonomics,Volume24,Issue2,,Pages91-994.D.Chaffinetal,(1991)3DstaticstrengthpredictionModel,UniversityofMichiganhttps://c4e.engin.umich.edu/tools-services/3dsspp-software/3dsspp-background-information/5.SNeumann,W&PWells,R&Norman,Robert.(1999).4DWATBAK:AdaptingResearchToolsandEpidemiologicalFindingstoSoftwareforEasyApplicationbyIndustrialPersonnel.IndustrialEngineeringPublicationsandResearch.6.Potvin,J.R.,Chiang,J.,Jones,M.L.H.,McInnes,B.andStephens,A.(2008).ProactiveErgonomicAnalyseswithDigitalHumanModeling:AValidationStudyofPercentCapableValues.Proceedingsofthe2008NorthAmericanCongressofBiomechanics.AnnArbor,MI.7.Smets,M.,Jones,M.L.H.,andStephens,A.(2013).TowardstheDevelopmentofaGlobalManikinSetforProactiveErgonomicsinAutomotiveEngineering.Proceedingsofthe2013InstituteofIndustrialEngineersAppliedErgonomicsConference.Dallas,TX.8.Jones,M.L.H.,Chiang,J.,Stephens,A.andPotvin,J.R.(2008).TheUseofPhysicalPropsinAutomotiveAssemblyMotionCaptureStudies.TechnicalPaper2008-01-0049.SAEInternationalJournalofPassengerCars-MechanicalSystems.1(1):1163-1171.9.Stephens,A.andJones,M.L.H.(2008).WorkplaceMethodsandUseofDigitalHumanModels.InV.G.Duffy(Ed.),TheHandbookofDigitalHumanModelingforAppliedErgonomicsandHumanFactorsEngineering.pp.6-1-6-1.NewYork:CRCPress,2008.10. Stephens,A.andGodin,C.,"TheTruckthatJackBuilt:DigitalHumanModelsandtheirRoleintheDesignofWorkCellsandProductDesign,"SAETechnicalPaper2006-01-2314,2006

591. Lowprofileconveyorsarerequiredtomakesittingpractical2. Platformsolutionsareavailabletoallowheight-adjustabilityforstandingworkatconveyors3. Useofanti-fatiguemattingtoaddressprolongedstandingconcerns,andchallengesinfoodenvironments4. Implicationsofprolongedstandingonoperators5. Jobrotationsolutionsthatallowtheworkertositforpartoftheshift6. Off-linepackagingworkstationdesigntoallowlegclearanceforsittingReferences1. CSAZ412-17:OfficeErgonomics - Anapplicationstandardforworkplaceergonomics.2017.

64Estimatedactionlimitsandposturalrangesforcareproviderswithpediatricpopulations:anappliedcasestudyCarolynnKallitsis,BHSc.1*,JoanneHodder,PhD21OptionsInc.,Guelph,ON,Canada2SheridanCollege,BramptonON,CanadaBackgroundCareprovidersforthepediatricpopulationareathighriskforsustaininginjuries.1Historically,research shows childcare and home support workers account for almost 10% of thelost timemusculoskeletal(MSK)injuries.2Non-neutralpostureslikeforwardbendingandsquattingcanbeidentifiedasoccupationalriskfactorsinpediatricpopulations.3Liftsfromgroundlevel,liftswhensitting/kneeling,liftswithloadswithafarhorizontalreachfromthebody,asymmetricalliftsoraboveheadliftsarecommonforpediatriccareprovidersandmaybeofconcerngiventheposturesadoptedduringthesetasks.4Currently,noguidelinesexistregardingmaximumpatientweightforcommonhandlingtaskinapediatricsetting.PurposeThepurposeofthiscasestudywastocapturetheposturesadoptedbyone(1)careworkerduringpediatricpatientcaretasksandtousetheirposturestocalculateanestimateofthemaximumpatient weight that would be acceptable to lift for frequent tasks.This study is useful whenexaminingarangeofacceptableloadsliftedbyworkersandwhethertherangewouldbegreaterthan the average child patient weight. This will allow for more generalizable estimates ofacceptablepatientweights.MethodsThiscasestudywasconductedovera5hrperiodwithone(1)volunteerfemalepediatriccareprovider (168 cm; 63.5 kg)who provided care forinfants 6-18 months. Trunk postures wererecordedusingtheVirtualCorsetTM(VC)(MicrostrainInc.,Williston,VT,USA).TheVCmonitoredflexion-extensionandlateral(lefttoright)bendanglesofthetrunk.Thedevicewassecuredatthesternumforadurationof5hours.Alltaskscarriedoutbytheparticipantweredocumentedonatablet(SamsungGT-N8000,SamsungElectronicsCo.,Suwon,SouthKorea)withtheobservationalevent logging software WorkStudy+ 6 (Quetech Ltd., Waterloo, ON, CA). The postures for allperformed,tasksweresegmentedandmeanandpeakpostureswerefound.Usinga50thpercentilefemalemannequininthe3Dstaticstrengthpredictionprogram(3DSSPP;UniversityofMichigan,Michigan,USA),posturesobservedwereusedtofindtheactionlimitforacceptablehandloads.OutcomesThepediatriccaretasksoffeeding/mealtimetasks,naptimeduties,physicalactivityandothertaskshadthepeaktrunkflexiondisplacementaslargeas109.7°.Trunkflexionobservedrangedfrom4.2°to109.7°andlateraltrunkdisplacementsrangedfrom8.4°to61.9°(L)and1.4°to55.5°(R). The recommended weight limits(as determined from 3DSSPP)for pediatric care tasksanalyzedinthisstudyrangedfrom6.36-10.91kg.Therecommendedweightlimitsforhygienictasks,naptimeduties,andphysicalactivitywerefoundtobeapproximately10kg.Limitsforliftingachildfromthefloorwereassessedtobe6.36kgandfromacribat9.55kg(Figure1).ConclusionTheresultsofthisstudysuggestthatitisfeasibletodetermineworkerspecificliftinglimitsbasedonposturestheyutilize.Thismaybeeffectiveineducatingworkersandwithfurtherinvestigation,toestablishasafeliftingguidelineforpediatriccareworkerstohelpreducetheriskofMSKinjuries.This method of analysis was deemed beneficial sincethe recommended weight limits for the

65pediatric careworkerobserved in this study were less than 50% of the NIOSH recommendedguideline.DiscussionThereisalackofpublisheddataregardingtheacceptablelimitsforprovidingcareandhandlingapediatricpopulation.Duetotheconsiderablylowerweightofinfantsandchildrencomparedtoadults,thispopulationisnotconsideredwhenimplementingliftguidelinesinpatientcaresettings.Theappliedanalysiscompletedinthiscasestudysuggeststhatidentifyingguidelinesforspecificliftsandtasksisfeasibleinanappliedenvironment.Theworkerspecificresultsidentifyingthatliftsfromthefloorshouldbecappedat6.4kg.Thiswasofspecificinterestsince,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationStandardforCanada6,themajorityofinfantswillsurpassthisweightbytheageof6months,whichwouldbetheyoungestoftheagegroupthatmostdaycarefacilitieswouldcarefor.Examiningarangeofacceptableloadsliftedbycareworkerswouldbeofinterestandvaluetosupportadoptingmodifiedworkmethodsinapediatriccaresetting.RelevancetoPractitionersDespite a large amount of research on the postures and loads that patient care providers areexposedto,theactionlimitsbasedonposturesadoptedarewidelyunpublished.Understandingtherisksassociatedwithvariouspediatriccaretasks,basedonworkmethodsused,couldhelpwithimplementationofmusculoskeletalinjuryriskmitigationandeliminationstrategies.Theextremeposturesobservedinthisstudyhighlighttheimportanceofsafeliftmethods,aswellasguidelineswhenworkingwithaninfantorchildpopulation.References1Labajetal.IntJournalofIndustrialErgonomics,2016.2Pompeiietal.AmJIndMed,2009.3Swansonetal.Pediatrics,19944Craigetal.AIHAJournal,2003.5Waters,T.R.,V.Putz-Anderson,A.Garg,andL.J.Fine.1993."RevisedNIOSHEquationfortheDesignandEvaluationofManualLiftingTasks."Ergonomics36(7):749-76.https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139308967940.6WHO,WHOGrowthChartsforCanada,2006.0.005.0010.0015.0020.0025.00HygenicTasksLiftFromCribLiftFromFloorNapTimeDutiesOtherPhysicalActivityPlaceChildProviderRegularDutiesStanding(BabyInArms)Walking(BabyInArms)3DSSPPHandLoadsvs.NIOSHRWLMaxLoad(kg)NIOSHLC(kg)

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67FindingsTheresultsherewereconsistentwiththefindingsofotherconditionsinthelargerstudy2.Theanklemomentaboutthepatient'sanklegenerallydeterminedthecaregiverforcesrequiredtoinitiaterotationduringasit-to-standandthisgreatlyinfluencedtheotherjointloads.ThismomentwasmuchlowerforD3,thanwithD1andD2(Table1).Subsequently,thelumbarcompressionandshearforces,andthepercentincapableofthearm,hipandkneestrengthdemandsweremuchlowerwithD1.Table1:Jointloadingresultsforthesubsetofconditionspresentedhere,forthethreedevices.Absolutevaluesarepresentedasaretheratiosofthedeviceswithrespecttoeachother.Valuesinredindicatecompressionforces>3,400N4,shearvalues>1,000N5andstrengthpercentincapablevalues>25%6.DiscussionTheresultswereconsistentacrossvariables,indicatingamuchlowerriskofcaregiverinjurywhenusingD3toassistpatientsinasit-to-standmovement,basedontypicalbiomechanicalvariablesusedinergonomicassessments.ThedesignoftheTruRizeTMClinicalChair(D3)allowedforthepatient'sfeettobemovedclosertotheedgeoftheseatpanthanD2(reducingthemomentcausedbytheirbodyweight)andallowedformoretiltandincreasedheightoftheseatpanthanD1andD2(initiatingtheliftandfurtherreducingthemomentabouttheankles).BothD1andD2exceededergonomicsthresholds(seeTable1)whena50thfemalecaregiverwasproviding100%oftheforcetolifta95thmalepatient.Thestudyhadsomelimitationassociatedwiththeassumptionsmade,andconstraintsused,torepresentaswideavarietyofconditionsaspossible.Theseconstraintsincluded:(1)theeliminationofalldynamicloadinganduseofmomentumsuchthatrotationofthepatientwouldoccurwhentheiranklemomentjustexceededzero,(2)onlyanalyzingonepostureforeachconditionwhileanumberofpostureswouldbepossibleforboththepatientandcaregiver,and(3)limitinghandforcestothesagittalplane.However,ergonomicssimulationswithdigitalhumanmodelsprovedtobeaneffectivemethodtocomparethephysicaldemandsoncaregiversforawidevarietyofpatientsit-to-standconditions.RelevancetoPractitionersTheergonomicbenefitsofanovelclinicalchair(D3),weredemonstrated.Thischairliftsandrotatestheseatpanresultinginasubstantialreductionintheeffortrequiredbycaregiverswhenassistingwithasit-to-stand.Thestudyalsodemonstratesthepowerofworksimulationanddigitalhumanmodelsforcomparingergonomicsdemandsassociatedwithdifferentproductdesigns.References2. GargA,KapelluschJM.HumanFactors.2012;54(4):608-625.3. PotvinJR.IntJSPHM.2017;7(2):64-73.4. LaDelfaNJ,Potvin,JR.AppliedErgonomics,2017;59:410-421.5. NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(1981)No.81-122.Cincinnati.6. GallagherS,MarrasWS.ClinicalBiomechanics.2012;27(10):973-978.7. SnookSH,CirielloVM.Ergonomics,1991;34(9):1197-1213.D1D2D3D2/D1D3/D1D3/D2AnkleMoment(Nm)347.6357.6148.81.030.430.42CompressonForce(N)4,8844,0481,2600.830.260.31ResultantShearForce(N)1,3811,1633710.840.270.32MaxArm%Incapable53.4%45.1%2.3%0.840.040.05MaxHip%Incapable34.3%42.0%1.9%1.220.060.05MaxKnee%Incapable28.8%26.6%2.3%0.920.080.09RelativeValuesAbsoluteValues

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74Duetonon-normaldatadistributions,non-parametrictestswereusedthroughouttoevaluatetheimpactofthetutorialsessionontotalcollisions,perception-responsetimeandnumberofcorrectlyansweredsituationalawarenessquestions.Whereapplicable,Levene'sTestforEqualityofVarianceswasusedtoevaluatethedifferenceinvariancebetweentutorialandnotutorialgroups.FindingsTheMann-WhitneyUprovidednoevidenceofadifferenceintotalcollisions(p=0.203)oraverageperception-responsetime(p=.515)whencomparingthetutorialgrouptothenotutorialgroup.Largeindividualvariabilitywaslikelydrivingthisrelationship(Figure2),andpromptedustolookatameasuretoevaluateequalityofvariance(Levene'sTest).TheLeveneTestviolation(p<0.05)fortotalcollisionssuggeststhatthelowervarianceforthetutorialgroup(27.7±17.1)comparedtonotutorial(56.6±46.4)isworthyofnote.TheLeveneTestwasnotviolatedforaverageperceptionresponsetimesothegroupswerecollapsedandtheFriedmantest(p=0.04)wasusedtodemonstrateasignificantrepeatedmeasureseffectacrosstime(Session1-5).FollowupWilcoxonSignedRanksTestsuggeststhatperception-responsetimeinSession1wassignificantlyslowerthanallotherSessions.DiscussionThefindingsofthisworkdemonstratethatusingthetutorialsessiontoorientunfamiliaruserswiththeVRenvironmentisbeneficialforreducingintra-individualvariabilityincollisionoccurrence.Achievingabaselevelofcompetencyinthephysicaltaskofdrivingallowstheresearcherstohaveconfidenceinthesubsequentmeasuresofcognitiveloadthatwillbeusedintheevaluationofinterfacedesign.RelevancetoPractitionersUsingVRinatrainingorresearchcontextisgainingtractionbutalargelearningcurveexiststhatmustbeovercome.Further,manyindividualsmaynottolerateVRasamediumforlongperiodsoftime.Thisworkhasdemonstratedtheimportanceofusingatutorialsessiontoorienttheuser,andthedecreasingvariancethatcanbeachievedwithincreasedpracticeintheVRsimulation.References1. Tichon,J.,Burgess-Limerick,R.Areviewofvirtualrealityasamediumforsafetyrelatedtraininginmining.JournalofHealthandSafety,ResearchandPractice2011;3(1),33-40.2. Saus,E.-R.,Johnsen,B.H.,Eid,J.,Thayer,J.F.Whobenefitsfromsimulatortraining:ComputersinHumanBehavior,2012;28(4),1262-1268.3. Bellehumeur,V.,Marquis,R.Pouruneimplantationréussiedelaformationparsimulateurd'enginsminiersauQuébec.Institutnationaldesmines.2016

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79INTERACTIVELECTUREFlawedsituationalawareness:astealthkillerintheworkplaceRichardGasaway,PhD,EFO,CFOThissessionbuildsonthefoundationestablishedduringthekeynoteaddressandoffersattendeesspecificexamplesofhowflawedsituationalawarenesscanimpactsafety.FlawedsituationalawarenessisNEVERtherootcauseofanear-missorcasualty.ItisaSYMPTOM.Thebarriersthatflawsituationalawarenessaretherootcauses.Thisfast-pacedprogramwillintroduceyoutobarriersthatflawawarenessandmayinclude• Pre-arrivallens• Missionmyopia• Staffingissues• Normalizationofdeviance• Overconfidence• Miscommunications• Peerpressure• Supervisorpressure• Overload• Taskfixation• Tasksaturation• Minddrift• Cognitivebiases• Thecurseofknowledge• Humanfactors• Technology• Commandlocation• Commandsupport• Fear-drivendecisions• Culture• ...andmore

82particularlywhilepositionedneartheedgeoftheoperator'svisualfield,itisunlikelythatthefatallyinjuredworkerwouldhavebeendetectedbytheexcavatoroperatorintherightsidemirror(2,3).Furthermore,therightsidemirrorwascompletelyobstructedbytheexcavator'sboomunlesstheoperatorleanedforwardawayfromtheseatbackandturnedhisheadsignificantlytotheright.Itwasdeterminedthattheoperatorwasnotlikelyusingtherightsidemirrorwhilereversingthroughtheyardandtheoperatorwasfocusedonthehydraulicsheartowingthebus.However,evenifhehadbeenusingthemirrors,therewasnovisibilitytobehindtheexcavatorandthereforenoabilityfortheoperatortoseethepathoftravelwhenoperatinginreverse.Thecomplexityofthetaskofpullingthebusthroughthescrapyardwasincreasedduetotheamountofcongestionwithlargeamountsofscrapmetal,heavyequipmentandvehicles,reducingtheoperator'slikelihoodofnoticingobstructionsorpedestrians(2,3).Thelackofdedicatedpedestrianworkareasintheyardandthelackofdelineationbetweenareaswhereheavyequipmentoperates,deliveryvehiclesaremovingandpedestriantrafficincreasedtheprobabilityofapedestrian/vehicleincident.Despitetheoperatorbeingpreviouslyawareofthefatallyinjuredworker'spresenceandposition,theoperator'sprimaryfocuswasonthebusthatwasbeingpulledthroughtheyardandnotonhispositionorthatofotherworkersintheyard.Theemployerwaschargedwithmultiplecontraventionsincludingfailingtoensurethatbarriers,warningsignsorothersafeguardsfortheprotectionofallworkerswereusedinareaswherevehicletrafficmayendangerthesafetyofworkersaswellasfailingtoensurethatacompetentsignallerwasusedastheoperatordidnothavefullviewofhisintendedpathoftravel.RelevancetoPractitionersUnderstandingline-of-sightandvisibilityfactorsinvolvedinstruck-byincidentscanassistpractitionerssettingupworkplaces,policiesandtrainingprogramstopreventworkplaceinjuries.AnunderstandingoftheinvestigationprocessforthesetypesofincidentscanalsoassistpractitionersinvestigatingcomplaintsornearmissincidentswheretheMOLisnotinvolved.References2. KroemerK.H.E.andGrandjeanE.FittingtheTasktotheHuman.5thed.BocaRaton:TaylorandFrancis;1997.3. OlsonP.L.,DewarR.andFarberE.ForensicAspectsofDriverPerceptionandResponse.3rded.Tucson:Lawyers&JudgesPublishingCompanyInc.;2010.4. SmileyA,editor.HumanFactorsinTrafficSafety.3rded.Tucson:Lawyers&JudgesPublishingCompanyInc.;2016.

42 34 21 19 9 16

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Figure2:Interpretationasawarning/danger

86Table1:Frequencyofuseforvariousreversingaidsintheconstructionsector.TypeofReversingAidReportedFrequencyofuse(%respondents)NeveruseSometimesUseAlwaysUseUnavailableMirror1.87.182.11.8Camera21.119.317.529.8Spotter5.331.647.41.8RFID29.815.814.021.1Audio21.133.326.38.8DiscussionThemostconsistentreversingaidtowhichconstructionworkershaveaccesswasthemirror,withcameraandRFIDsystemswereunavailabletomostworkers.Furthermore,despiteperceptionsintheindustry,nearlyhalf(47.3%)ofallrespondentsreportedusingaspotterforquotesdbs_dbs35.pdfusesText_40

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