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Marriage and Cohabitation

in western Germany and France Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum politicarum (Dr.rer.pol.) der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Universit¨at Rostock vorgelegt von

Katja K¨oppen

Rostock, 09.09.2010

Datum der Verteidigung: 26.01.2011

Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michaela Kreyenfeld

1 2

Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Heike Trappe

1 1 Universit¨at Rostock, Institut f¨ur Soziologie und Demographie 2 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur demografische Forschung, Rostock

Acknowledgements

This thesis was mainly written during my time at the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock. First of all, I would particularly like to thank my supervisor Michaela Kreyenfeld for her comprehensive support and excellent mentoring through all the years. I greatly benefited from her knowledge and ongoing advice in the field of family sociology and demogra- phy. I am grateful for her patience and for putting trust in me. My gratitude goes to Jan Hoem and Joshua Goldstein who gave me the opportunity to stay at the institute and work in the friendly atmosphere of the East Wing. I am particularly grateful to all the former members of the Laboratory of Contemporary European Fertility and Family Dynamics for their support and advice. My appreciation goes to Gunnar Andersson, Gerda Neyer, Hill Kulu, Rainer Walke, Karin Tesching, David Alich, Cor- dula Zabel, Esther Geisler and Dorothea Rieck. In addition I would like to thank my local supervisor Laurent Toulemon for two busy and inspiring months in Paris at INED. In March 2010 I started working at the University of Rostock. I am especially grateful to Heike Trappe for her support and for giving me the possibility to finish my dissertation. Without the support of my family and friends during all the years of study- ing, this work would not have been possible. In particular I would like to thank Uta Ziegler, Annett Fleischer, Elke Loichinger, Sabine Schnabel and Anne Hornung. Thanks especially to my parents for their ongoing support and trust. My love goes to my own little family, Uwe and Charlotte, who always showed me that there is a life next and after the dissertation. i iiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Contents

Acknowledgements

i

1 Introduction

1

2 Demographic developments

11

3 Theoretical framework

21

3.1 Introduction

21

3.2 The economic independence theory

22

3.2.1 Denial or delay of marriage?

26

3.2.2 Changes in women's bargaining position

27

3.2.3 Empirical evidences

29

3.2.4 Summary

32

3.3 Ideational theory

33

3.3.1 Second demographic transition

33

3.3.2 Individualization

37

3.4 Cultural differences

39

3.5 The institutional perspective

42

3.6 Summary

48

4 Contextual framework

51

4.1 Introduction

51

4.2 Meaning of marriage & cohabitation

52

4.3 Family Policies

58

4.3.1 History

58

4.3.2 Child care

62
iii ivCONTENTS

4.3.3 Leave regulations

66

4.3.4 Taxation

70

4.3.5 Regulatory framework

71

4.3.6 Summary

77

4.4 Educational systems and labor markets

83

4.4.1 Educational attainment and educational enrollment

83

4.4.2 The situation of men and women in the labor market

86

4.4.3 Summary

100

5 Summary and research hypotheses

103

5.1 Changes over time

104

5.2 The impact of education

106

5.2.1 Educational level

106

5.2.2 Educational enrollment

109

5.3 The impact of employment

109

5.4 The impact of children

110

6 Data and methods

113

6.1 The concept of the life course

113

6.2 Methods

114

6.3 Data

120

6.3.1 The German Family Survey

120

6.3.2 The French Study of Family History

121

6.4 Events under study

122

6.5 Sample selection

124

6.6 Covariates

125

7 Empirical findings

133

7.1 Introduction

133

7.2 Descriptive analysis

133

7.3 First union formation in western Germany

145

7.3.1 Cumulative incidence curves of first union formation

145

7.3.2 Event history analysis of first union formation

151

7.3.3 Transition to subsequent marriage

172

CONTENTSv

7.3.4 First birth and subsequent marriage formation

183

7.4 First union formation in France

189

7.4.1 Cumulative incidence curves of first union formation

189

7.4.2 Event history analysis of first union formation

194

7.4.3 Transition to subsequent marriage

210

7.4.4 First birth and subsequent marriage formation

217

7.5 First union: Summary of the results

224

7.5.1 Union formation over time

224

7.5.2 The effect of women's education on first union formation

225

7.5.3 The effect of women's employment on first union for-

mation 230

7.5.4 The effect of pregnancy and motherhood on first union

formation 231

7.5.5 Personal background characteristics and first union

formation 233

8 Conclusion

235

8.1 Introduction

235

8.2 Substantial research findings

238

8.3 Critical reflections

245

Appendix

247

9 Appendix A

249

10 Appendix B

257

11 Appendix C

269

Bibliography

275
viCONTENTS

List of Figures

2.1 Crude marriage rate, 1960-2000

13

2.2 Total female first marriage rate, 1960-2000

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