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REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR

FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ONHUMAN RIGHTS2012

Organization of

American States

i INTER -AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

OEA/Ser.L/V/II.147

Doc. 1

5March 2013

Original: Spanish

AANNNNUUAALL RREEPPOORRT

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REPORT OF THE OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR

FOR FREEDOM

OF EXP

RESSION

Dr. Catalina Botero

Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression

GENERAL SECRETARIAT

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

WASHINGTON, D.C.

ii

Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft

Confédération suisse

Confederazione Svizzera

Confederaziun svizra

Document prepared and printed thanks to the financial support of European Commision, and the governments of Costa Rica,

Chile, France, Finland, Switzerland and United States Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on March 5, 2013 iii ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR FOR FREEDOM OF

EXPRESSION 2012

INDEX Page

TABLE OF ACRONYMS AND REFERENCES ........................................................................................ vii

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 3

A. Creation of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression

and Institutional Support ................................................................................................... 3

B. Mandate of the Office of the Special Rapporteur ...................................................................... 6

C. Principal Activities of the Office of the Special Rapporteur ....................................................... 7

1. Individual Case System ................................................................................................ 7

2. Precautionary Measures .............................................................................................12

3. Public Hearings ...........................................................................................................13

4. Seminars and Workshops with Strategic Actors in the Region ..................................14

5. Annual report and development of expert knowledge ................................................19

6. Special statements and declarations ..........................................................................20

D. Funding ....................................................................................................................................21

E. Staff..........................................................................................................................................22

CHAPTER II: EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN

THE HEMISPHERE ..................................................................................................................................23

A. Introduction and methodology .................................................................................................23

B. Evaluation of the state of freedom of expression in the Member States .................................24

1. Argentina .....................................................................................................................24

2. Bolivia ..........................................................................................................................35

3. Brazil ...........................................................................................................................41

4. Canada ........................................................................................................................52

5. Chile ............................................................................................................................54

6. Colombia .....................................................................................................................60

7. Costa Rica ...................................................................................................................71

8. Cuba ............................................................................................................................73

9. Ecuador .......................................................................................................................78

10. El Salvador ..............................................................................................................107

11. United States ...........................................................................................................109

12. Grenada ..................................................................................................................113

13. Guatemala ...............................................................................................................113

14. Guyana ....................................................................................................................118

15. Haiti .........................................................................................................................119

16. Honduras .................................................................................................................120

17. Jamaica ...................................................................................................................134

iv Page

18. Mexico .....................................................................................................................135

19. Nicaragua ................................................................................................................147

20. Panama ...................................................................................................................148

21. Paraguay .................................................................................................................150

22. Peru .........................................................................................................................153

23. Dominican Republic ................................................................................................159

24. Suriname .................................................................................................................160

25. Trinidad and Tobago ...............................................................................................161

26. Uruguay ...................................................................................................................162

27. Venezuela ...............................................................................................................164

CHAPTER III: DOMESTIC CASE LAW ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION .........................................185

A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................185

B. Inter-American legal framework regarding freedom of expression .......................................186

C. Judicial rulings on the subject of freedom of expression .......................................................188

1. Case law on the importance, scope and function of freedom of

expression in democratic systems ...................................................................188

2. Case law on the scope and entitlement of freedom of expression ...........................191

3. Case law on the presumption of ab initio coverage for all kinds of

expression, including offensive, shocking or disturbing speech ......................193

4. Case law on specially protected speech ...................................................................195

5. Case law on crimes of desacato ...............................................................................198

6. Case law on the admissibility of limitations to freedom of expression:

general framework ...........................................................................................200

7. Case law on the need for limitations to be established clearly and

precisely by law ................................................................................................202

8. Case law on the need for limitations to be oriented toward achieving

a legitimate aim recognized by the American Convention ...............................205

9. Case law on the requirement that the limitation must be necessary in a

democratic society, suitable for achieving the imperative aim that it seeks to achieve, and strictly proportional to the end sought .......................206 10

. Case law on subsequent civil liability ......................................................................208

11. Case law on the special protection of opinions and the nonexistence

of a crime of opinion .........................................................................................208

12. Case law on the application of the principle of "actual malice" when

establishing subsequent liability.......................................................................210

13. Case law on the application of the principle of fair (or neutral) reporting ...............212

14. Case law on the liability of intermediaries on the Internet and the

application of the principle of "mere conduit" ...................................................214

15. Case law on the prohibition of prior censorship and the requirement of

neutrality toward the content of expression or information ..............................214

16. Case law on the prohibition of discriminatory placement of government advertising

17. Case law on requirement of membership in a professional organization

or holding of an academic degree to exercise the profession .........................218

18. Case law on source confidentiality..........................................................................219

v Page

19. Case law on the obligation to guarantee the life and safety of journalists covering

armed conflict and emergency or high-risk situations......................................220

20. Case law on the limited scope of freedom of expression for public

officials exercising their duties .........................................................................221

CHAPTER IV: THE RIGHT TO ACCESS TO INFORMATION ..............................................................223

Introduction ................................................................................................................................223

1. Case law on access to information as a fundamental, autonomous,

universal right ...................................................................................................224

2. Case law on the principle of maximum disclosure ....................................................227

3. Case law on limits to the principle of maximum disclosure.......................................229

4. Case law on parties bound by the right to access to public information ...................231

5. Case law on access to public information related to the investigation

of human rights violations ................................................................................232

6. Case law on access to information on government advertising ...............................232

7. Case law on the right to access to information on private government

contractors or providers of public services ......................................................233

8. Case law on the subject matter of the right to access and the definition

of public document ...........................................................................................234

9. Case law on the material possibility of disclosing the requested

information .......................................................................................................235

10. Case law on the right to access to information on the salaries and

incomes of public servants or contractors paid with public funds ....................236

11. Case law on the obligation to have a simple, rapid, and free

administrative procedure for obtaining access to information .........................237

12. Case law on the duty of the State to justify a decision to deny access

to information ...................................................................................................238

13. Case law on affirmative administrative silence .......................................................239

14. Case law on the obligation to provide an appropriate and effective

judicial remedy .................................................................................................239

15. Case law on active transparency ............................................................................241

16. Case law on the duty to disseminate truthful information on sexual and reproductive

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