La Lettre du Réseau n° 7
Nov 7 2014 EFR) : Des Occidentaux à la rencontre de l'Orient chrétien : les modalités de la définition de l'altérité. Alexia L AGAST.
Stéréotypes traduits : La traduction néerlandaise du Discours de
Sep 4 2022 2.3.2 Dichotomie entre l'Occident de paix et l'Afrique de tous les malheurs . ... Want het Westen is juist in de leer gegaan bij.
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University
PÉTRÉ H. Caritas
Recently Published Articles
The Ritchey-Chretien Aplanatic Colonisations d'Occident (a propos d'un r&ent colloque). ... STRUCKMEYER FREDERICK R. The [medieval idea of] "Just.
PATTERnS of substance use among ethnic and cultural minorities
caring for the other in a Levinasian perspective instead of just wanting to quand même l'impression que quand tu es congolais être chrétien c'est un.
VAN „HISTOIRE DE LÉGLISE” NAAR „HISTOIRE RELIGIEUSE”: De
vindt in het Franse mandarinaat bemoeilijkt een juist zicht op de studies: La religion populaire dans l'Occident chrétien: approches histori.
ET DELÀ CHRÉTIENNE ???
pratique chrétienne de la foi et de la théologie. La troisième tente de dégager La science occidentale comprend que la misère africaine a été d'abord.
LActeur au Moyen Âge: LHistrion et ses avatars en Occident de
Oct 13 2018 d'acteurs dans toute la littérature chrétienne
1 ASC-7 Ndaya Forework
En fait la diffusion de la culture occidentale en Afrique subsaharienne C'est pour cela que dans l'ensemble des chrétiens congolais les Combattants se.
“Nationis Teutonicæ”
Middle Ages and a Modern Time is just the same mistake as thinking of the the continuation of the ancient Roman imperial title in the Occident (for ...
PATTERNS OF SUBSTANCE
USE AMONG ETHNIC AND
CULTURAL MINORITIES
A COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY
RESEARCH (CBPR) PROJECT
Belspo - Federal Research Program on Drugs
Prof. Dr. Tom Decorte (UGent)
Charlotte De Kock (UGent)
Prof. Dr. Wouter Vanderplasschen (UGent)
Julie Schamp (UGent)
Prof. Dr. Ilse Derluyn (UGent)
Bert Hauspie (UGent)
Prof. Dr. Dirk Jacobs (ULB)
Dr. Muriel Sacco (ULB
Page 1 of 155
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Situating the research ......................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Research questions and goals ............................................................................................ 6
1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Structure of the report ......................................................................................................... 9
2 ETHNIC AND CULTURAL MINORITIES AND SUBSTANCE USE ................................ 10
2.1 Substance use and society ............................................................................................... 10
2.2 Ethnic and cultural minorities ............................................................................................ 11
2.3 Substance use .................................................................................................................. 12
3 PREVALENCE AND NATURE IN OF SUBSTANCE USE ETHNIC AND CULTURAL
MINORITIES ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Prevalence of substance use ............................................................................................ 14
3.2 Social mechanisms ........................................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Ethnic conformity pressure ............................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Social capital ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.3 The urban context ............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.4 Ethnic Density ................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.5 Acculturative stress and discrimination ............................................................................. 23
3.2.6 Ethnic Identity .................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Barriers to care and treatment .......................................................................................... 25
3.3.1 Differences in care trajectories ......................................................................................... 25
3.3.2 Barriers at the individual level ........................................................................................... 26
3.3.3 Barriers at provider level ................................................................................................... 26
3.3.4 Barriers at system and societal level ................................................................................ 27
3.4 Good Practices in dealing with ethnic minorities and substance use ............................... 28
3.4.1 ................................................................................................. 29
3.4.2 Dealing with the medical perspective ................................................................................ 29
3.4.3 Outreach work ................................................................................................................... 30
3.4.3.1 General outreach work ...................................................................................................... 30
3.4.3.2 Networking ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.4.4 Local Needs assessments ................................................................................................ 30
3.4.5 Targeted Information initiatives ......................................................................................... 31
3.5 Overall assessment of the state of the art ........................................................................ 31
4 COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH (CBPR) ..................................... 33
4.1 History and goals of the research design.......................................................................... 33
4.2 Empowerment ................................................................................................................... 34
4.3 The CBPR model in this study .......................................................................................... 36
4.3.1 The project assistants ....................................................................................................... 36
4.4 Community Organisations (COs) ...................................................................................... 37
4.4.1 The Turkish community in Ghent ...................................................................................... 38
4.4.2 The Eastern European communities in Ghent .................................................................. 39
4.4.3 Asylum applicants, refugees and undocumented migrants .............................................. 39
4.4.4 The Congolese community ............................................................................................... 40
4.5 The community researchers (CRs) ................................................................................... 41
4.5.1 The Turkish community ..................................................................................................... 41
4.5.2 The Eastern European communities in Ghent .................................................................. 42
4.5.3 Asylum seekers, refugees and undocumented migrants .................................................. 43
4.5.4 The Congolese community ............................................................................................... 44
4.6 Community advisory boards (CABs) ................................................................................. 45
Page 2 of 155
4.6.1 The Turkish and Eastern European community in Ghent ................................................. 45
4.6.2 Asylum applications, refugees and undocumented migrants ........................................... 46
4.6.3 The Congolese community ............................................................................................... 46
4.7 Data collection: interviews ................................................................................................ 47
4.8 Data analysis and dissemination ...................................................................................... 48
4.9 Pitfalls in CBPR ................................................................................................................. 49
4.9.1 The participants ................................................................................................................. 49
4.9.2 Positionality of co-ethnic community researchers ............................................................. 50
4.9.3 The relation community researcher project assistant .................................................... 51
5 SUBSTANCE USE IN THE TURKISH COMMUNITY IN GHENT .................................... 53
5.1 The Turkish community in Ghent ...................................................................................... 53
5.1.1 Spatial distribution in the city of Ghent ............................................................................. 53
5.1.2 Characteristics of the community ...................................................................................... 54
5.1.3 Relatedness to the community .......................................................................................... 55
5.1.4 Religion and community .................................................................................................... 55
5.2 The participants ................................................................................................................. 56
5.2.1 Socio-demographic characteristics ................................................................................... 56
5.2.2 Substance use .................................................................................................................. 57
5.2.3 Ethnic identity .................................................................................................................... 59
5.2.4 Generations ....................................................................................................................... 60
5.2.5 Language .......................................................................................................................... 60
5.2.6 Religion ............................................................................................................................. 61
5.3 Nature and patterns of substance use .............................................................................. 61
5.3.1 First time use ..................................................................................................................... 61
5.3.2 Reasons for continued problematic use ........................................................................... 62
5.3.2.1 Early life experiences ........................................................................................................ 63
5.3.2.2 Marital problems ................................................................................................................ 65
5.3.2.3 Racism, perceived and structural ethnic discrimination .................................................... 66
5.3.2.4 Social networks ................................................................................................................. 68
5.4 Help-seeking behavior ...................................................................................................... 69
5.4.1 Perceptions of use and seeking help ................................................................................ 70
5.4.2 Religion and use ............................................................................................................... 70
5.4.3 Visiting Turkey ................................................................................................................... 74
5.5 Experience with services .................................................................................................. 74
5.5.1 In-patient Care .................................................................................................................. 74
5.5.2 Outreaching, out-patient and crisis care ........................................................................... 76
5.5.3 After care and continuing care .......................................................................................... 76
5.5.4 Referral systems ............................................................................................................... 78
5.6 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 80
5.7 Recommendations ............................................................................................................ 84
6 EASTERN-EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES IN GHENT ...................................................... 87
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 87
6.2 Characteristics of the respondents ................................................................................... 89
6.2.1 Reasons for migration ....................................................................................................... 89
6.2.2 Ethnic identity .................................................................................................................... 89
6.2.3 Communities and religion ................................................................................................. 90
6.2.4 Racism, perceived and structural ethnic discrimination .................................................... 91
6.2.5 Socio-demographic characteristics ................................................................................... 91
6.3 Nature of substance use ................................................................................................... 92
6.3.1 Prevalence in our sample ................................................................................................. 92
6.3.1.1 Bulgarian respondents ...................................................................................................... 92
Page 3 of 155
6.3.1.2 Slovakian respondents ...................................................................................................... 93
6.3.2 Use in the communities ..................................................................................................... 93
6.4 Patterns of substance use ................................................................................................ 93
6.4.1 ............................................................................................................... 94
6.4.2 Reasons for continued use ............................................................................................... 94
6.4.2.1 General Well Being ........................................................................................................... 94
6.4.2.2 Financial and work-related problems ................................................................................ 95
6.4.2.3 Familial problems .............................................................................................................. 95
6.5 Help seeking behavior ...................................................................................................... 95
6.6 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 97
7 THE COMMUNITY OF ASYLUM APPLICANTS, REFUGEES AND UNDOCUMENTED
MIGRANTS ....................................................................................................................... 98
7.1 Definitions of the target group ........................................................................................... 98
7.2 Specificities ....................................................................................................................... 98
7.3 Socio-demographic characteristics of the participant group ........................................... 100
7.3.1 Gender ............................................................................................................................ 100
7.3.2 Country of origin .............................................................................................................. 100
7.3.3 Type of residence documents ......................................................................................... 101
7.3.4 Number of years in Belgium ............................................................................................ 102
7.3.5 Religion ........................................................................................................................... 102
7.4 Nature and patterns of substance use ............................................................................ 103
7.5 First use of substances ................................................................................................... 103
7.5.1 Country of origin .............................................................................................................. 103
7.5.2 Host country .................................................................................................................... 104
7.5.3 During the flight ............................................................................................................... 105
7.5.4 Reasons for ongoing use ................................................................................................ 106
7.6 Current use of substances .............................................................................................. 109
7.6.1 Problematic substance use or not?................................................................................. 110
7.7 Other problems related to the use of drugs .................................................................... 112
7.8 Experiences with support and care ................................................................................. 113
7.8.1 Professional support within drug treatment structures .................................................... 113
7.8.2 Other types of professional support ................................................................................ 114
7.9 Direct reasons to look for help ........................................................................................ 114
7.10 Barriers to professional drug treatment .......................................................................... 115
7.10.1 Lack of knowledge about professional drug care ........................................................... 115
7.10.2 Language problems ........................................................................................................ 116
7.10.3 Lack of residence documents and ongoing residence procedures ................................ 116
7.10.4 Discrimination and lack of trust ....................................................................................... 117
7.11 Suggestions to improve professional addiction care ...................................................... 117
7.12 Informal support and feelings of shame addiction as a taboo ..................................... 118
7.13 The role of religion .......................................................................................................... 119
7.14 Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 120
8 THE CONGOLESE COMMUNITY IN MATONGE, BRUSSEL ...................................... 121
8.1 Contextual introduction ............................................................................................... 121
8.1.1 Migration history ......................................................................................................... 121
8.1.2 Religion ......................................................................................................................... 121
8.1.3 Discrimination .............................................................................................................. 122
8.1.4 Relatedness to the general population ................................................................... 122
8.2 The respondent pool..................................................................................................... 122
8.2.1 The recruitment area: Matongé ................................................................................. 123
8.2.2 Identification and living experience ......................................................................... 124
Page 4 of 155
8.3 Nature and patterns of substance use........................................................................ 129
8.3.1 Alcohol .......................................................................................................................... 130
8.3.2 Cannabis ....................................................................................................................... 132
8.3.3 Other substances: hard drugs .................................................................................. 135
8.3.4 Prescribed Medicine ................................................................................................... 135
8.4 Use of treatment and other facilities ........................................................................... 136
8.4.1 Specific barriers .......................................................................................................... 137
8.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 139
8.6 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 141
9 CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 143
10 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................... 144
11 FUTURE RESEARCH .................................................................................................... 145
13 LITERATURE ................................................................................................................. 146
Page 5 of 155
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Situating the research
The objective of the current study is to contribute to a better understanding of the nature of substance use among 4 ethnic and cultural minorities and their access to treatment facilities in Belgium. During the last decade, research on Belgian ethnic and cultural minorities has demonstrated that their presence in and access to general health care including drug treatment facilities, is disproportionate when compared to the general population (Eggerickx et al., 2006; Lodewijckx, 2014; Rouws, 2007; Vassart, 2005). Furthermore, some ethnic and cultural minorities make less use of drug treatment services than others (Alegria et al., 2012; Derluyn et al. 2008). Research in the European context also demonstrates that ethnic and cultural minorities appear to be underrepresented in drug treatment statistics (Fountain, 2004; 2012). The underutilization of drug treatment services as well as the lower treatment completion rates among ethnic and cultural minorities have also been documented in the Belgian context (Vandevelde et al., 2003; Verdurmen et al., 2004). The associations between stressors in the social and physical environment and the socio- economic status on the one hand and health status on the other is well-documented (Schulz et al., 2008; Warnecke et al., 2008). Epidemiological research demonstrates that ethnic and cultural minorities, because of the risk factors they are confronted with, are more susceptible to substance use disorders due to, among others, higher unemployment rates, limited language skills, less educational opportunities, discrimination, intergenerational conflict, acculturation difficulties and higher peer pressure (Otiniano Verissimo et al., 2014; Reid, 2001;Savage & Mezuk, 2014).
Yet, little is known about the prevalence and nature of substance use among ethnic and cultural minorities in Belgium (Burkhart et al., 2011; Derluyn et al., 2008; Fountain et al., 2004). Derluyn et al. (2008) made a significant contribution to the field, especially in relation to the care trajectories of substance users from ethnic and cultural minorities in Belgium. The study demonstrated that some substance users who feel they belong to an ethnic and / or cultural minority have limited knowledge about the used substances, their effects and potential harm. For many, the step to treatment is a bridge too far, given their limited knowledge about the treatment offer and/or biased views on addiction and treatment. Many clients of non-Belgian origin do appear to be supported by their network and community. The findings also indicate that community organizations and institutionalized treatment services are interested to collaborate more closely to help those substance users who feel they belong to an ethnic and / or cultural minority. Still, we know little about these phenomena and the reasons why the participation of these groups to treatment remains limited. Derluyn et al. (2008) raise some conceptual (e.g. distinguishing between ethnic and cultural minorities) and methodological (e.g. recruiting via treatment services) issues that remain unresolved. We wish to address these issues in order to obtain a better understanding of specific patterns, expectations and needs of ethnic and cultural minorities in substance abuse treatment care in order to be able to inform innovative practices in mental health care, prevention and treatment practices. Further, we wish to fill the knowledge gap in existing research on specific ethnic and cultural minorities. Undocumented migrants and refugees, the Congolese community in Matonge and the Turkish and Eastern-European communities inPage 6 of 155
Ghent have not been sufficiently studied when it comes to patterns and the nature of substance use and abuse (Derluyn et al., 2008). We do not want to examine these ethnic and cultural minorities because we believe ethnicity or culture is a primordial analytical category, nor do we consider it as a statically bounded entityquotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46
[PDF] Les juridictions des litiges
[PDF] Les Juridictions en France
[PDF] les justes camus texte intégral en ligne
[PDF] Les justes de Camus
[PDF] les justes de camus lecture analytique
[PDF] les kassos sandy
[PDF] les krupp ? essen au xixe siècle
[PDF] les laits 1 er âge
[PDF] Les lampes
[PDF] les lampes a incandescance
[PDF] les langues en république démocratique du congo
[PDF] les lapins de fibonacci
[PDF] les lapins de fibonacci dm
[PDF] les lapins de fibonacci solution
[PDF] les lapins et les poules
[PDF] Les Juridictions en France
[PDF] les justes camus texte intégral en ligne
[PDF] Les justes de Camus
[PDF] les justes de camus lecture analytique
[PDF] les kassos sandy
[PDF] les krupp ? essen au xixe siècle
[PDF] les laits 1 er âge
[PDF] Les lampes
[PDF] les lampes a incandescance
[PDF] les langues en république démocratique du congo
[PDF] les lapins de fibonacci
[PDF] les lapins de fibonacci dm
[PDF] les lapins de fibonacci solution
[PDF] les lapins et les poules
