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périodes de production des substances acides et basiques chez les mollusques; molluscs reduce the alkalinity of (and hence acidify) their immediate.
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MANGANESE AND ITS COMPOUNDS: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
protection of human health and on emergency action. treatment usually involves heating in nitric acid oxida- ... Des pluies acides avaient.
Supplementation strategies for semi scavenging chickens in Burkina
DM. DMI. EE. FCR. FCS. FM. LSM. ME. MJ. NFE. OM. PDAV. TME. Amino acids des pluies (13.5 MJ 1 kg) et le taux de protéine brute (PB < 12 %) dans.
OPTIONS S
Organic acids and sugars composition of harvested pomegranate fruit. In: Eur. Food Res. Technol. 211
Groundwater for emergency situations: a methodological guide; IHP
acid that is precipitated as acid rain. The products of volcanoes pose not only such immediate hazards but can as well cause long-term climatic and
Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin
azithromycin amoxicillin
GLOSSARY OF STATISTICAL TERMS
Acid rain. Pluie acide. See Acid precipitation. See also: Acid precipitation. Acidifying potential. (AP). The aggregate measure of the acidifying potential.
Livestock and Sustainable Nutrient Cycling in Mixed Farming
and agropastoral systems of acid-soil savannahs of Latin America saison des pluies il y avait une forte sélectivité entre les unités de paysage dont la ...
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DOCTORALTHESISNo.2007:116
SupplementationStrategiesforSemi
ScavengingChickens
inBurkinaFasoEvaluationofSorneLocalFeedResources
SALlMATAPOUSGA
1 i 1SupplementationStrategiesforSemi
ScavengingChickens
inBurkinaFasoEvaluationofSorneLocalFeedResources
SalimataPousga
Uppsala
Doctoralthesis
SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences
Uppsala
2007ActaUniversitatisagriculturaeSueciae
2007:116
ISSN1652-6880
ISBN978-91-859-1315-2
©2007SalimataPousga,Uppsala
Tryck:SLUService/Repro,Uppsala2007
Abstract
feedingredients confinedandsemi-scavenging growingpulletsandlayinghens.Thechemicalcompositionshoweda
highermetabolizableenergy experimentwascarried choice-fedmaizeand daily gainswere mineraIsupplementtothescavengingbirdshad noeffectonperformance.Itwas experiment, were scavenginghens. scavenging production. cottonseedcake. bedone,particularly oftheseprocessedfeedstuffs. chickens,Shea-nutcake,Sorghumbeerresidue.
delaRechercheScientifiqueetTechnologique,Box
7047,Ouagadougou,BurkinaFaso.E-mail:
pousgasalimata@yahoo.fr ;f 1Dedication
TothememoryofmyfatherAmadouPousga
TomymotherKaboreSetou,mysisters
Ami,Bintou,Safiand
mybrotherKarimPersonnenepeutcontrelavolontédeDieu!
Contents
1Introduction11
2Background15
2.2HousingConditions19
2.3FeedingSystems20
2.4HealthandMortality21
3SummaryofMaterialsandMethods23
3.1StudySitesandPeriods23
3.2ExperimentalDesign(Paperl,Il,IIIandIV)24
3.3ExperimentalProcedure24
3.7StatisticalAnalysis28
4SummaryofResults29
(Paperl)29 4.2GrowthPerformanceandEconomieEfficiency
344.4 37
4.5
By-Products
385GeneralDiscussion41
framScavenging 41PouHry42
45Wheat-MaizeBran
inLayerDiets466Conclusions49
6.1ImplicationsandRecommendations50
6.2FutureResearch51
References
Acknowledgements
Résumé53
6165
Listofpublications
tobyRomannumeraisinthetext:
inBurkinaFaso:Effect ofSeason,LocationandBreedonFeedand623-634.
TropicalAnimal
Health
andProduction,38/2006,pp.323-331. III system BurkinaFaso.AfricanJournalAgriculturalResearch,2 /2007,pp.496 504.IV
BurkinaFaso:Availabilityand
AminoAcidDigestibility.International
JournalPoultryScience6 /2007,pp.666-672.
Papersarereproducedwiththepermission
ofthepublishers.Abbreviations
AA ADG ASH CE CF CP DM DMI EE FCR FCS FM LSM ME MJ NFE OM PDAV TMEAminoacids
Averagedailygain
Totalash
Cottonseedcakeandbran
Crudefibre
Crudeprotein
Drymatter
Drymatterintake
Etherextract
Feedconversionratio
Feedcosts/
kgweightgainFishmeal
Least-squaresmean
Metabolizableenergy
Mega-joule
Nitrogen-free-extract
Organic
matterTruemetabolizableenergy
1Introduction
security asarenewableassetin resource-poorareas oftheworldarelocatedandwherescavenging common:The their community(Acamovicetal.,2005). poultry,withBranckaert
fromfree-rangingbirdsandtherearefew ornoinputs.Thesebirdsare themainspecieskept(Acamovic etal.,2005).Manyauthorshave describedtheindigenousdomestic (Gallusdomesticus)chickensrearedin chicken,bushchicken orrunnerchicken(Berte,1987;Oluyemi,1989;Kounta,1991;Gueye
&Bessei,1997).VillagechickensarenotpureEekeren
environmentalconditions,such astemperatureextremes,heavyrainand periodicfeedshortages(Gueye,1998).Threetypesofvillagechicken
productionsystemhavebeenreported: byscavenging. 11 consists (Chrysostome etal.,1995). The confined andwatered, system(Kitalyi,1999). arethefoilowing(IEMVT,1987):Thebirdsrangefreelyduringtheday
andareusuailygatheredatnight intoabasicshelterforprotectionagainst predators; seeds,andkitchenwastes);Supplementation isdoneoccasionaily, according consumedandare appreciatedfortheirtaste,theirrelatively toughmeatbeingweiladapted to theprolongedcookingpracticedinAfrica.Smal1-scaleproducersare
howeverconstrainedbypooraccessto knowledge existingsystems,theproductivity ofscavengingchickensisalsolirnited untilrecently, chicken andheatlability 12 irregularsupplementation.Sonaiya(1995) reportedthatscavenging chickens supplementdaily, feed productivity(Sonaiya,1995;Roberts,1999).Foreffective
supplementation,there isaneedtoknowthequantityoftheavailable scavengeablefeed. (SFRB)can scavengeablefeedinan environment(Roberts,1992).Itisastarting pointindeterminingthequantityand nutritionalcharacteristicsofthe feedthat isrequiredtosupplement.Objectives
supplementationstrategiesforchickens keptbyresource-poorpeoplein objectiveswere: feedand nutritionalstatus ofscavenginglocalandimproved differentseasons. feedingand cowpea. scavenginglayinghens. 13 14 cockerels.2Background
'li j betweenlatitudes9°20'and15°05'North,andlongitudes2°20'and5°30'
West. estimatedtobe around14millioninhabitants (IndexMundi,2007).Approximately94
ruralareas, ofthepopulation. These productsconstituteabout19 %oftheexports,andmorethan86%of production (MRA,2003). millions (MRA,2004)(Fig.2). 15Other,5%
,'::::,'7:'_....., 76%FiRure2.PoultrypopulationinBurkinaFaso
especiallytheruralfanners, whoraisevillagechickensforseveral pUlposes (Kondomboetal.,2003), suchastosupplymeatandeggsand sacrifices insocialrites. guineafowls,ducks,etc.)inthehouseholdin ordertosatisfythefamily's financialneeds. eggproductionforsale. Local constraintsfaced published researchrepresentonlya minorpartoftheagriculturalresearchand developmentprogrammesinthecountry. 16 .1 1 Faso chicksperyearquotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46[PDF] Les pluies rouge de Kerala
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